Spatial sampling and the environment: some issues and directions

In this paper we summarize research issues for spatial environmental sampling stemming from a NISS/USEPA workshop held on 21-22 September 1994 at Chapel Hill, NC.     

快速渗滤土地处理系统对城市生活污水中N、P去除的优化研究

为了探索城市生活污水中N、P去除，在实验室内采用混合土为介质，以均匀设计原理为指导，进行模拟人工快速渗滤系统对城市生活污水中N、P的去除。研究不同介质配比，淹水时间，湿干比3种因素组合对污水处理的最优运行模式。试验结果表明：通过选取混合土为介质及以上3个参数是可行的；通过回归统计得出最优模型。     

能源甘蔗主要经济和光合性状的遗传分析

以 4× 5不完全双列杂交 (NcII)衍生的 2 0个家系实生苗为材料 ,对其主要经济和光合性状的遗传力和配合力进行分析 .结果表明 :(1)锤度、株高和茎径的遗传主要由加性基因效应引起 ,而丛有效茎数、丛重、锤重和地上部鲜重的遗传主要由非加性基因效应引起 ;(2 )配合力分析表明 ,CP84 / 1198、CP74 / 383、崖 90 / 3、桂 73/ 16 7和科 5各性状 gca较大 ,是较好的高生物量高光效亲本 ,CP84 / 1198×Ya 90 / 3、CP85 / 14 32×桂 73/ 16 7、CP74 / 383×桂 73/ 16 7、CP85 /14 32×科 5各性状sca和tca较大 ,为较好的高生物量高光效组合 ;(3)茎径、锤度和丛重母本gca方差大于父本 gca方差 ,丛有效茎数、锤度和地上部鲜重的广义遗传力在 5 0 %以上 .表 7参 16     

The Effect of Incremental Reserve Design and Changing Reservation Goals on the Long-Term Efficiency of Reserve Systems

Abstract:  Selecting reserve areas based on percentages, such as 10% or 12% of a bioregion, is common in conservation planning despite widespread admission that such percentages are arbitrary and likely to be inadequate for the conservation of all biodiversity. Reserve systems based on these relatively low percentage targets are likely to require expansion in the future, resulting in the assembly of reserve systems over many years (incremental reserve design). How then will incremental reserve design, such as increasing percentage targets over time, affect the long-term efficiency of marine reserve systems? We used South Australia as a case study to investigate how changing percentage targets affects the contribution of individual planning units to efficient reserve design. Selection frequency counts provided a measure of a planning unit's conservation value. For the majority of planning units, changing targets led to a change in their conservation value indicating, for example, that planning units identified as high-value sites at a low-percentage conservation target may be of lesser importance when targets are increased. Despite the variability in the value of individual planning units at different targets, there was no loss in efficiency from incremental design of reserve systems based on systematic methods compared with purpose-built reserve systems (i.e., the system is assembled in a single iteration). The exception was when incrementally designed systems were based on South Australia's existing marine reserve system—a system developed in an ad hoc method. The result was reserve systems that were less efficient, less compact, and larger in size. This suggests that systematic approaches have an important role for efficient reserve design when there is uncertainty about the target level of reservation .     

生态供应链与生态型设计

生态供应链是可持续发展思想在运作管理领域的具体应用。生态型设计兼顾了经济效益和生态效益，是生态供应链的核心内容。生态型设计的实质是通过整体优化和局部优化来降低各节点企业的环境影响，借助于生态型设计可以把传统供应链代表的单程经济转化成生态供应链代表的循环经济。生态型设计由生态供应链的整体设计和组成元素的设计两部分组成，具体内容包括产品设计、原材料采购、产品生产、产品营销、产品回收和反向物流。     

ESTIMATING THE Q100 IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: A PRACTICAL PROBLEM IN FOREST HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT. Estimates of peak flows, with specified return periods, are needed in practice for the design of works that affect streams in forested areas. In the province of British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, the new Forest Practices Code specifies the 100-year instantaneous peak flow (Q100) for the design of bridges and culverts for stream crossings under forest roads; and many practitioners are engaged in making such estimates. The state of the art is still quite primitive, very similar to the state of urban hydrology 30 years ago, when popular estimating techniques were used with little consideration given to their applicability. Urban hydrology then evolved on a much more scientific basis, such that within about a 10-year period, standard approaches to design were developed. Forest hydrology should follow the same pattern, at least as far as estimating design flows is concerned. Popular present day design procedures include the rational method and other empirical approaches based on rainfall data, as use of the standard flood frequency approach is limited by the paucity of relevant flow data. Estimating procedures based on peak streamflow measurements and statistics are likely to evolve, and these will include distinctions for rain, snowmelt, and rain on snow floods. Guidelines will also be developed for selecting and applying appropriate procedures for particular areas.     

汽车左/右后轮罩冲压工艺及翻边、斜楔翻边模具设计

根据制件的特点 ,分析了其冲压成形的工艺难点 ,制定了合理的工艺 ,简化了模具设计和制造 ,并画出了制件的综合工序图 ,分析了各工序内容和工艺特点 ,说明了各工序模具设计的关键问题。同时以第 5道工序为例 ,重点分析了斜楔翻边、翻边模的结构、工作原理及设计要点     

自然保护区景观结构设计与物种保护——以卧龙自然保护区为例

以卧龙自然保护区大熊猫保护为实例,提出了自然保护区中景观结构设计的一些基本原则和方法。认为在进行景观要素设计之前,应先进行景观适宜性评价,之后进行核心斑块、缓冲区和廊道的设计。①核心斑块 :不仅要考虑斑块的景观适宜性,而且斑块的面积应能维持一定物种数量 ;②缓冲区 :在考虑距离对目标物种影响的同时,还应考虑缓冲区的范围应该覆盖所有的核心斑块 ;③廊道 :需要辨识两种情况,其一是对现存生境廊道的保护,为了避免不同核心斑块被隔离,必须严格保护现存的生境廊道。其二是对潜在生境廊道的建设,在条件允许时,通过植被重建,建立适宜的生境廊道。     

旋转式滗水器设计的动力学计算

在对旋转式滗水器进行了水力学和运动学计算的基础上，对旋转式滗水器进行了动力学计算，给出了其动力学计算公式，与水力学和运动学计算公式一起，共同给出了旋转式滗水器完整的设计计算公式。     

污水处理工艺系统优化设计理论的研究与发展

综述了污水处理工艺系统优化设计理论研究的发展历史 ,分析总结了优化设计模型研究的发展规律以及需要解决的关键性问题 ;详细介绍了几个具有典型代表性的非线性系统优化模型的结构及寻优方法 ;从 6个特征方面横向比较了部分优化数学模型的研究成果 ;结合国内研究动态提出了对该领域研究前景的展望