黄河口孤东油田灾害环境评价

孤东油田系新开发的油田工程之一。 位于黄河入海口的滨海地带,自然环境复杂。其中,风暴潮、黄泛和河口蚀退等不利的灾害因素,对油田安全生产的威胁比较突出。在掌握这些灾害因素时空分布规律及其影响程度的基础上,相应地提出了加固油田堤防工程、河口海岸工程等环境保护对策的意见。     

玉米秸秆生物炭对稻田土壤砷、镉形态的影响

通过室内土壤培养的方法模拟稻田土壤环境,研究淹水环境下添加(1%添加量)不同温度制备的玉米秸秆生物炭(CB-300、CB-400、CB-500)对砷、镉复合污染稻田土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值及不同形态砷、镉含量动态变化的影响.结果表明,热解温度会影响玉米秸秆生物炭的理化性质,热解温度由300℃升至500℃,玉米秸秆生物炭芳香性增加,亲水性和极性降低,灰分含量增加,pH值升高.淹水环境下添加玉米秸秆生物炭处理相比对照(CK)可提高土壤pH值0.20~1.24,升高幅度大小为CB-500CB-400CB-300CK,随着培养时间的延长,pH值趋于平衡状态;淹水环境下土壤氧化还原电位均迅速下降,且不同处理组间存在显著差异,生物炭制备温度越高下降效果越明显,培养至第96 d时氧化还原电位降到最低.CK、CB-300、CB-400、CB-500处理组弱酸可提取态镉含量由淹水前的73.55%分别降至63.46%、57.73%、54.50%、53.94%,随着培养时间的延长,土壤中弱酸可提取态及可氧化态镉逐渐向残渣态及可还原态镉转化.土壤pH值与弱酸可提取态镉含量之间呈显著负相关关系.淹水环境下土壤可交换态砷含量升高,玉米秸秆生物炭的施加导致土壤交换态、Ca-结合态、Al-结合态和Fe-结合态砷含量逐渐上升,上升幅度分别为75.68%、20.92%、13.49%、48.66%,残渣态砷含量下降;土壤pH值与交换态砷含量之间呈显著正相关关系.研究结果可为砷、镉复合污染稻田安全生产与阻控提供数据支持.     

闽江河口芦苇潮汐湿地甲烷通量及主要影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地和入侵种互花米草斑块涨潮前、涨落潮过程及落潮后甲烷通量季节动态进行了原位测定,并利用室内培养-气相色谱仪法测定了芦苇湿地不同土层土壤甲烷产生潜力.结果表明,鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地全年均属于大气甲烷的排放源,排放通量具有明显的季节变化;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后甲烷通量大小并无一致的规律,平均排放通量分别为5.13、5.06和4.74 mg·m-2·h-1,差异不显著,其中涨落潮过程排放到潮水和大气环境的甲烷通量分别为2.98和2.08 mg·m-2·h-1.互花米草入侵斑块年均甲烷排放通量(11.02mg·m-2·h-1)明显高于芦苇湿地年均甲烷排放通量(4.98mg·m-2·h-1),互花米草入侵明显增加了闽江河口区湿地的甲烷排放通量.芦苇湿地0～40 cm土壤中甲烷产生潜力范围为0.029～0.123μg·g-1·d-1,0～5 cm土层的甲烷产生潜力最大,且与其它土层差异显著(P<0.05).气温、土壤温度和地上生物量对芦苇湿地甲烷排放影响显著(P<0.05),落潮后芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量与盐度有负相关关系.     

Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.     

A Rapid Response Survey to Characterize the Impacts of the 2017 High Water Event on Lake Ontario

In the spring and summer of 2017, communities along the Lake Ontario shoreline suffered from the worst flood event on record. In late May, daily water levels reached their highest point in over 100 years, and flooding continued throughout much of the summer as lake levels slowly declined, with inundation and erosion significantly impacting shoreline homes and businesses. In this work, we present results from a rapid response online survey of property owners along the New York Lake Ontario shoreline to quantify the perceived flood impacts of the 2017 extended high water event. The survey focused on the degree and spatial distribution of inundation and erosion; the duration and drivers of inundation; the associated damages to different property features, with an emphasis on shoreline protection; and the degree of disruption to business and other activities and services. Photographic documentation of inundation extent and property damage also was provided by survey respondents. We demonstrate the potential utility of this dataset by characterizing key features of inundation and erosion impacts across the shoreline, and by using classification and regression trees to explore the predictability of inundation and erosion based on property characteristics. This work is part of a larger effort to develop models of inundation and erosion that can support flood impact assessments across the shoreline and help communities better prepare for future extended high water events.     

Runoff Storage Potential of Drained Upland Depressions on the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa

We present estimates of the volumetric storage capacities of currently drained upland depressions and catchment depressional specific storage and runoff storage indices for the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa (DML‐IA) subregion of the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Storage capacities were determined using hydrologically enforced Light Detection and Ranging‐derived digital elevation models, and a unique geoprocessing algorithm. Depressional specific storage was estimated for each 12‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC12) watershed in the region from total catchment‐specific depressional storage volume and catchment area. Runoff storage indices were calculated using catchment depressional specific storage values and estimates of the amount of rainfall likely to fall within each watershed during sub‐annual and 1‐, 2‐, 5‐, and 10‐year 24‐h events. The 173,171 identified drained depressions in the DML‐IA can store up to 903.5 Mm³ of runoff. Most of this capacity is in depressions located in the north of the region. Specific storage varies from nearly 109 mm in the younger landscapes to <10 mm in older more eroded areas. For 95% of the HUC12 watersheds comprising the region, depressional storage will likely be exhausted by rainfall‐derived runoff in excess of a 1‐year 24‐h event. Rainfall amounts greater than a 5‐year 24‐h event will exceed all available depressional storage. Therefore, the capacity of drained depressions in the DML‐IA to mitigate flooding resulting from infrequent, but large, storm events is limited.     

Estimating Floodwater Depths from Flood Inundation Maps and Topography

Information on flood inundation extent is important for understanding societal exposure, water storage volumes, flood wave attenuation, future flood hazard, and other variables. A number of organizations now provide flood inundation maps based on satellite remote sensing. These data products can efficiently and accurately provide the areal extent of a flood event, but do not provide floodwater depth, an important attribute for first responders and damage assessment. Here we present a new methodology and a GIS‐based tool, the Floodwater Depth Estimation Tool (FwDET), for estimating floodwater depth based solely on an inundation map and a digital elevation model (DEM). We compare the FwDET results against water depth maps derived from hydraulic simulation of two flood events, a large‐scale event for which we use medium resolution input layer (10 m) and a small‐scale event for which we use a high‐resolution (LiDAR; 1 m) input. Further testing is performed for two inundation maps with a number of challenging features that include a narrow valley, a large reservoir, and an urban setting. The results show FwDET can accurately calculate floodwater depth for diverse flooding scenarios but also leads to considerable bias in locations where the inundation extent does not align well with the DEM. In these locations, manual adjustment or higher spatial resolution input is required.     

Challenges and Opportunities for Creating Intelligent Hazard Alerts: The “FloodHippo” Prototype

Disasters evolving from hazards are a persistent and deadly occurrence in the United States. Despite this, hazard alerts have remained spatially vague, temporally imprecise, and lack actionable information. These deficiencies indicate a divide between the status quo and what is possible given modern environmental models, geographic information systems (GIS), and smartphone capabilities. This work describes an alternative, prototype system, “FloodHippo,” which integrates operational model outputs, cloud‐based GIS, and expanded communication channels to provide personal and interactive disaster alerts for floods. The precepts and methods underpinning FloodHippo apply equally to other disasters that evolve over space and time, presenting the opportunity for a more intelligent disaster response system. The development of such a system would not only minimize current shortcomings in disaster alerts but also improve resilience through individual action, along with community, academic, and federal cooperation.     

淹水对酸性红壤磷吸附解吸特性的影响——以江西省旱地红壤和水稻土为例

采用室内培养法研究了淹水对2种酸性红壤（旱地红壤、水稻土）磷吸附解吸特性及草酸可提取态P的影响。淹水培养实验中,2种土壤分别淹水0（对照）,1、2、3、4、8周,淹水培养结束后进行P吸附解吸实验,解吸实验结束后测定土样中草酸可提取态P。结果表明：与氧化状态相比,淹水后旱地红壤P吸附量减少,水稻土淹水1、2、3周P吸附量高于氧化状态,继续淹水4和8周后P吸附量减少。淹水前后旱地红壤P吸附量均大于水稻土。用简单Langmuir方程拟合P等温吸附曲线,除淹水4周外,P最大缓冲容量（MBC）随淹水时间延长而降低。结合能常数（K）淹水前后的变化规律性差。2种土壤P解吸量随加入P量增加而增加。氧化、还原状态下,2种土壤酸性草酸铵可提取P均远远大于CaCl2解吸P,虽然水稻土吸附P量低于旱地红壤,但P解吸量无论是CaCl2解吸P还是酸性草酸铵可提取P均大于旱地红壤,主要原因在于水稻土全P及速效P含量大于旱地红壤。淹水后草酸可提取态P增加,吸附P的释放和被新近形成的铁氧化物再吸附是淹水后草酸可提取态P增加的主要原因。     

A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea1

Ahn, Jae Hyun and Hyun Il Choi, 2013. A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 49(1): 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12025 Abstract: The aim of this article is to develop a new index measuring the severity of floods in small ungauged catchments for initial local flood information by the regression analysis between the new flooding index and rainfall patterns. Although a rapid local flood caused by heavy storm in a short period of time is now one of common natural disasters worldwide, such a sudden and violent hydrologic event is difficult to forecast. As local flooding rises rapidly with little or no advance warning, the key to local flood forecasting is to quickly identify when and where local flooding above a threshold is likely to occur. The new flooding index to characterize local floods is measured by the three normalized relative severity factors for the flood magnitude ratio, the rising curve gradient, and the flooding duration time, quantifying characteristics of flood runoff hydrographs. The new flooding index implemented for the two selected small ungauged catchments in the Korean Peninsula shows a very high correlation with logarithm of the 2‐h maximum rainfall depth. This study proposes 30 mm of rainfall in a 2‐h period as a basin‐specific guidance of precaution for the incipient local flooding in the two study catchments. It is expected that the best‐fit regression equation between the new flooding index and a certain rainfall rate can provide preliminary observations, the flood threshold, and severity information, for use in a local flood alert system in small ungauged catchments. Editor's note: This paper is part of a featured series on Korean Hydrology. The series addresses the need for a new paradigm of river and watershed management for Korea due to climate and land use changes.