RIVERINE TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND DETRITUS TO THE APALACHICOLA BAY ESTUARY,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The Applachicola River basin in northwest Florida covers an area of 3,100 square kilometers. Fifteen percent of the area is a dense bottomland hardwood forest which is periodically flooded. The annual leaf-litter fall from the flood-plain trees is a potential source of nutrients and detritus which eventually can flow into Apalachicola Bay. Transport of such material is dependent on the periodic inundation of the flood plain. The U.S. Geological Survey Apalachicola Rim Quality Assessment measured a total organic carbon flux of 2.1 × 10⁵ metric tons during the one-year period from June 3, 1979, to June 2,1980. Fluxes of total nitrogen and phosphorus during the same year were 2.1 × lo⁴ and 1.7 × lo³ metric tons, respectively. Flood characteirstics, such as prior hydrologic conditions, extent, and timing, are important in determining the amount and forms of materials transported. The 1980 spring flood produced a fourfold discharge increase over the annual mean outflow of 800 cubic meters per second. Nutrient concentrations varied little with discharge, but the 86-day spring flood accounted for 53, 60, 48, and 56 percent of the annual flux of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. In 1980, the flood peaks, rather than the rise or recession, accounted for maximum nutrient and detritus transport.     

Coastal flooding, global warming and environmental management

A review of the difficulties associated with the definition of coastal flood frequencies and magnitudes leads to a recognition that there is considerable doubt in many parts of the world as to the precise nature of this particular hazard. Similarly, a review of the sea-level measurements that have been used to indicate a response to global warming shows that there is uncertainty about the amount of other controlling influences. What is clear, however, are that past management decisions about human endeavours in the coastal zone (including flood defences, occupance of flood-prone lands, extraction of ground water and natural gas) have had an impact on relative land and sea levels and have done more to increase the risk of coastal flooding than can be assigned so far to global warming. In addition, these changes induced by human activity may render inappropriate calculations of coastal-flood frequencies based on historical records since the latter relate to a period of time when the controls on flooding may have been very different.     

试论洪涝对水稻的影响

洪涝灾害是我国主要的农业气象灾害之一，水稻遭受洪涝灾害的概率较大，研究洪涝对水稻的影响具有重要的意义。通过现场试验，对水稻不同生长阶段遭受洪涝灾害的影响和不同温度下遭受淹浸后的影响进行了研究，并用数理统计方法对水稻遭受淹浸后，其产量的一系列变化作了定量的分析。     

重庆市的洪涝灾害管理

洪涝灾害是重庆市主要自然灾害之一,每年带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,严重制约着重庆市社会、经济的可持续发展.本文在大量研究的基础上,分析了重庆市洪涝灾害的特点,总结了历年来的洪涝灾害及造成的损失,最后针对洪涝灾害的特点提出建立重庆市洪涝灾害管理系统,并对该系统作了详细分析.     

Relative Influence of Streamflows in Assessing Temporal Variability in Stream Habitat1

Abstract: The effects of streamflows on temporal variation in stream habitat were analyzed from the data collected 6‐11 years apart at 38 sites across the United States. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the variation in habitat caused by streamflow at the time of sampling and high flows between sampling. In addition to flow variables, the model also contained geomorphic and land use factors. The regression model was statistically significant (p < 0.05; R² = 0.31‐0.46) for 5 of 14 habitat variables: mean wetted stream depth, mean bankfull depth, mean wetted stream width, coefficient of variation of wetted stream width, and the percent frequency of bank erosion. High flows between samples accounted for about 16% of the total variation in the frequency of bank erosion. Streamflow at the time of sampling was the main source of variation in mean stream depth and contributed to the variation in mean stream width and the frequency of bank erosion. Urban land use (population change) accounted for over 20% of the total variation in mean bankfull depth, 15% of the total variation in the coefficient of variation of stream width, and about 10% of the variation in mean stream width.     

常年淹水和干旱对三峡库区消落带菖蒲生长恢复的影响

菖蒲是三峡库区常见的一种湿生植物,本研究探讨了常年淹水对菖蒲生长恢复的影响,并分析了干旱对露水后菖蒲生长恢复的影响,为三峡库区消落带植被恢复物种的选择提供科学依据.分别于2009年9月和2010年9月前后2次将菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)植株完全淹水,分别于翌年3、4、5月将植株露水(分别记为S1、S2和S3),2011年定期统计植株数和叶片数,测定叶长、叶宽.结果表明,淹水导致植株萌发数显著低于对照,且随着淹水时间增加植株萌发数呈显著降低趋势;淹水显著促进3月和4月露水植株叶片的伸长和形成,其叶长、叶片数、株叶长和总叶长显著高于对照,而5月露水植株的叶长、叶宽、叶片数、株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数均显著低于对照.随着淹水时间的增加露水后植株死亡数呈显著增大趋势,S1和S2组的叶长、叶宽显著增长,叶片数显著降低,而S3组植株叶长、叶宽、叶片数、株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数均显著降低.干旱导致对照、S1和S2组植株叶长、叶宽、株叶长、总叶长、叶片数和总叶片数均显著降低,植株存活数显著降低;干旱胁迫去除25 d后,对照、S1和S2组植株的叶片数分别增加了67.0%、66.7%和36.2%,且S1和S2组植株的株叶长、总叶长和总叶片数分别增加了48.2%、18.1%,66.7%、35.0%,75.0%、64.3%,差异显著(P<0.05).因此,菖蒲不仅对淹水的适应和耐受能力较强,而且露水后的生长恢复能力及对干旱的恢复能力也较强,可作为三峡库区消落带(特别是3月和4月露水区域)的恢复、重建物种.     

某油田稠油采出液生产分离器机械消泡技术研究

目的 针对某油田进行机械消泡技术研究,进而为促进分离器内稠油的快速消泡提供解决办法.方法 利用Fluent软件模拟不同导流板参数下分离器中气液分离效果及泡沫变化情况,并采用动态解析法发泡方式,利用高压溶气消泡测试系统对不同类型和型号的金属规整填料和两种化学消泡剂,进行消泡测试以及组合消泡实验.结果 导流板放置角度为45°时,分离效率和泡沫聚并效果均较好,而导流板放置距离影响不大;随着消泡填料的高度增加,消泡效果随之增加.结论 分离器入口导流板最佳放置角度为45°,孔板波纹填料SM250*12 cm为优选的机械消泡构件.实际生产采用机械消泡方法即可满足消泡需求,要求更好的消泡效果时,可将机械消泡与化学消泡剂消泡两种方式结合使用.     

日光温室夏季休闲期间的土壤管理对可溶性氮的影响

日光温室夏季休闲期间大水漫灌和高温闷棚是普遍的土壤处理措施,该过程灌水多、温度高,对氮素循环影响大.为了探明休闲期间土壤管理对氮素保持与损失的影响,通过田间试验揭示夏季休闲期间大水漫灌、高温闷棚对不同灌溉施肥模式(滴灌、漫灌)和不同有机物料还田处理(单施有机肥、有机肥配施小麦秸秆、有机肥配施玉米秸秆)土壤可溶性氮的影响.结果表明:作物收获后,滴灌和漫灌各处理平均w(矿质氮)分别为103.9和68.6 mg/kg,大水漫灌使滴灌0~30 cm土层w(矿质氮)显著降低30%,漫灌w(矿质氮)变化不大.日光温室夏季休闲期w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)为16.3~69.1 mg/kg,SON相对含量为15%~48%.大水漫灌使滴灌和漫灌w(SON)分别显著增加2.9和2.5倍;高温闷棚使滴灌和漫灌w(SON)显著降低107.1和72.4 kg/hm2,降幅分别为41%和34%,同时w(矿质氮)分别显著增加117.9和126.7 kg/hm2,土壤氮素矿化速率分别为1.7和1.8 mg/(kg·d).与单施有机肥相比,长期有机肥配施玉米或小麦秸秆可显著增加滴灌w(矿质氮),但对w(SON)无影响.综上,休闲期间的土壤管理对土壤表层氮素含量的影响较大,其中大水漫灌容易造成滴灌残留氮素的大量损失,而随后的高温闷棚加速了SON的矿化.      

淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响研究

针对稻田土壤镉污染的问题,探讨常用氮、磷、钾肥料品种对土壤镉有效性的影响,采用淹水培养方法,研究了在水稻生长季节施用不同肥料或添加酸、碱对土壤中镉有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤淹水后pH显著增加,特别是培养初期;随着培养时间的延长,pH逐渐回落,并趋向中性.土壤中有效Cd的变化趋势与pH变化趋势相反,两者间存在显著的线性负相关,淹水使土壤有效Cd下降58.2%~84.1%.肥料类型/品种对土壤镉有效性的影响存在显著差异,氮肥的影响较为复杂,钾肥其次,磷肥最小.在所有肥料中,氯化铵对土壤pH降低最多,对Cd的有效性增加最大;其他肥料依次为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾.硫酸铵、硫酸钾和磷酸一铵都显著降低了土壤Cd的有效性.无论是否经过淹水培养,添加酸、碱后土壤pH与土壤有效Cd呈显著负相关,相关系数(R)分别为-0.994和-0.919.本研究进一步表明,在受Cd污染的酸性水稻土上,应避免施用氯化铵,选用含硫肥料,配合施用碱性物质,并在水稻生长过程中保持淹水状态,可有效降低土壤Cd的有效性.