Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables

It is an important approach to use the Cd-contaminated soils properly by growing low accumulator or excluder plants for Cd to produce safe foods. To find the suitable vegetable species for growing in Cd-contaminated soils, in the present study the variations in the Cd accumulation for twenty eight vegetable species and several cultivars of five common vegetables (cowpea, kidney pea, bitter gourd, cucumber and squash) were investigated in two soil Cd levels (1 and 2 mg/kg Cd). Experimental results showed that highly significant differences in Cd concentration were evident among 28 vegetables. For example, spinach Cd concentrations were 110-fold and 175-fold higher than that of sweet pea under the 1 and 2 mg/kg Cd exposures, respectively. For Cd accumulation, the order of vegetable species was: leafy vegetables solanaceous vegetables kale vegetables root vegetables allimus melon vegetables legumes. Distinctive differences were also identified when comparing different cultivars of the five common vegetables with an average range of 0.003–0.094 mg/kg Cd. Our results indicated that a large genotypic variation existed among vegetable species or cultivars when subjected to Cd exposure. Therefore, it is important and feasible to elect/breed vegetable species/cultivars with low accumulation of Cd, especially in mildly Cd-contaminated soils.     

中国湖泊水环境基准的研究进展

中国湖泊污染形势严峻、生态健康效应复杂,亟需适合中国区域特点的水环境基准作为加强污染控制、治理和管理的理论依据,但目前我国湖泊水环境基准的系统研究尚未开展,本文从水环境基准的意义、概念、研究历史、现状和发展趋势等几个方面对中国湖泊水环境基准研究进行了剖析回顾和展望:首先阐述了开展区域性水环境基准研究的迫切性和科学意义,揭示了"科学确定基准"的内涵;然后详细回顾了国内外湖泊水环境基准的研究历史、现状及存在的关键问题,提出了湖泊水环境基准的"三性"原则(科学性、基础性和区域性),指出环境暴露、效应识别和风险评估是基准研究的三个关键环节;最后提出中国湖泊水环境基准的研究方向和发展趋势,本文强调:阐明中国水环境的演变规律和特征,需要开展水环境污染过程和生态毒理效应研究;建立具有我国区域特点的湖泊水环境基准理论、技术和方法体系是面向国际科学前沿和解决中国环境管理重大科技需求的重要任务,它既可推动中国毒理学、生物学、生态学及环境与生物地球化学等学科的发展,又可为湖泊流域的环境管理和污染防治提供技术支撑,整体提升我国环境保护科学研究的水平和国际地位.     

工业化、城市化对耕地数量变化影响差异分析——以江苏省为例

工业化、城市化进程对耕地资源数量变化产生了重要影响,但工业化、城市化对耕地资源数量的影响机制存在差异.以1990～2005年江苏省数据为基础,通过建立向量自回归模型,运用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法,分析了工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率影响的差异.结果表明,耕地数量变动率、工业化水平和城市化水平均呈非平稳变动趋势,但工业化、城市化对耕地数量变动率的作用方向不同,工业化对耕地数量变动率产生负效应,城市化则产生正效应.同时,城市化对耕地数量变化的影响大于工业化带来的影响,并且城市化的影响比工业化的影响更为持久.这意味着,江苏省工业化和城市化快速增长时期,城市化是耕地数量变化的首要原因.因此,在当前江苏省工业化与城市化非平衡发展的情况下,合理控制城市化进程,提高城市化质量,对于耕地保护具有积极意义.     

白腐真菌细胞色素P450的诱导及检测方法研究

以CO结合差光谱为基本检测法,研究了白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌中细胞色素P450的诱导和适宜的分离检测方法.结果表明,正己烷对该真菌P450有显著的诱导作用,P450诱导量受正己烷浓度和诱导时间的影响,每小时投加正己烷2μL/mL、诱导6 h可使该真菌微粒体P450比浓度高达140~160 pmol/mg.在此基础上,本研究优化了分离P450时破碎细胞的方法以及光谱法检测P450的条件.破碎细胞时,采用高速分散结合玻璃研磨,比采用玻璃研磨、超声破碎和珠磨等方法分离的微粒体P450含量高1~5倍,是更为适宜的破碎方法.检测CO结合差光谱时,通气和还原条件对P450检测值有显著影响,较适宜的条件为:样品池和对照池分别通入等量的CO和N2,通气流量为3 mL/min(300μL样本),通气时间40 s;通气后投加还原剂低亚硫酸钠,投加浓度为0.4 mol/L.     

基于小波变换和模态曲率差的起重机金属结构损伤识别

属于焊接结构的起重机金属结构受交变载荷的影响,随着使用年限的增加,不可避免地会产生裂纹和腐蚀等损伤,从而引发突发性重大断裂事故。为此,基于结构的振动特性及小波变换理论来研究起重机金属结构的早期损伤识别问题,通过改变局部弹性模量模拟不同损伤工况,分析了起重机主梁在不同损伤工况下的动态响应特性。结果表明,小波变换可明显放大不易察觉的损伤突变,模态曲率差具有较好的损伤识别能力,可为起重机金属结构损伤识别提供新的思路。     

Adaptation of Nitraria sphaerocarpa to wind-blown sand environments at the edge of a desert oasis

This study addresses the adaptation of Nitraria sphaervcarpa to blown sand at the edge of a desert oasis with regard to the aspects of soil seed banks, seedlings, and population. Horizontally, the total number of seeds per unit area decreased from the shrub canopy center to intershrub areas, and most seeds were found under shrub canopies. Vertically, the highest proportion of seeds was found at depths of 5-10 cm. The emergence percentage, seedling mass, and seedling height, which were significantly affected by both burial depth and seed size, were highest at the optimal burial depth of 2 cm, and decreased with increasing burial depth in each seed size-class. Although seedling mass was usually greatest for large seeds and least for small seeds at each burial depth, little difference was observed in seedling height at shallow burial depths of 0-3 cm. The population shows a patchy and discontinuous distribution pattern. Population height increases with increasing sand depth. Also the density increases with increasing depth of sand in the desert; however, there is a steady decrease when the depth of sand is more than 100 cm. This result indicates that the depth of sand that is most suitable for the growth of Nitraria sphaervcarpa is 100 cm. The size of the population is significantly correlated with the sand depth, which increases with increasing depth in the desert.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

我国耕地资源生态安全的时空差异分析

在分析耕地资源生态安全内涵、特征和影响因素的基础上,构建了耕地资源生态安全评价指标体系,通过对我国耕地资源生态安全的动态变化分析,发现改革开放以来耕地资源生态安全程度呈先增后减的变化趋势,安全综合值先从1981年的0.891 8上升到1990年的0.941 0,随后又下降到2004年的0639 0。从2004年各省份的安全程度来看,安全状况差异非常明显,且经济发达省份的安全水平通常低于经济相对落后省份;通过障碍因素分析发现,改革开放前期的障碍因素主要是农民人均纯收入、财政支农等社会经济因素,中后期则转变为农药施用量、氮肥所占的比重等直接和间接影响因素,在各省份障碍因素中,单位耕地面积农药施用量、氮肥所占的比重、农村人均纯收入、耕地资源生态安全保护意识是最主要因素,经济发达省份障碍因素主要集中在直接和间接影响因素中,而经济相对落后省份则集中在社会经济因素。出台耕地资源生态安全保护法规和分区保护政策有助于提高我国耕地资源生态安全状况。     

滏阳河主要水环境污染物空间分布特性研究

滏阳河是海河流域的重要河流,断流现象和污染极其严重.本文在相关水文资料和实地野外考察的基础上,首先将平原区河流被分割成4个相互独立的河段,然后根据水样的总氮、总磷、COD、氨氮和硝态氮等污染指标的测定结果,在聚类分析的基础上对污染指标的空间相似性和差异性进行了分析,最后用因子分析的方法对不同河段的污染源进行了源解析.结果表明:滏阳河水体污染极为严重,主要污染指标超过5类标准,氨氮的污染最为严重;水体可分为3类,其分布有明显的地域特点,分别在有常规水补给的邯郸段、非常规水补给河段的上游和非常规水补给河段的下游;主要污染物的空间差异较大,氨氮的差异最为明显;河流水环境污染物主要有3种来源,分别是耗氧型有机污染物、氮类污染物和磷类污染物,不同河段各种污染物来源的贡献有所不同.