In situ Measurement of Daphnia longispina Grazing on Algae and Bacteria in a High Mountain Lake (Lake Paione Superiore,Northern Italy) using Fluorescently Labeled Cells

Grazing impact of Daphnia longispina on phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Paione Superiore (Northern Italy) was evaluated using fluorescently labeled cells in short-term in situ experiments. Structure and size distribution of Daphnia were studied weekly from its appearance in July to its decline in September. Relative importance of algae and bacteria in the diet varied over time, as did consequently the relative impact of Daphnia on the phytoplankton and bacteria populations. Biomass of bacteria in the diet of Daphnia varied from 1 to 42%, and was highest at the beginning of population development when young individuals dominated. The percent biomass of algae in the diet increased with population development, ranging from 58 to 99%. Daphnia population consumed per hour 0.04–1.8% of bacteria and 0.3–17.6% of phytoplankton abundances.     

不同水温下鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻的控制作用及对水质的影响

在室内受控模拟条件下开展实验,研究了在19、23、27、31、35℃5个水温梯度下鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻和水质的影响。研究结果表明,在不同水温下,鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻具有较强的控制作用,实验结束时铜绿微囊藻密度减少至初始密度的18%~30%,摄食率和消化率分别为6.83×104~8.32×104cells/(g·d)、93%~98%;叶绿素a的去除率为68%~88%;实验组TP、TN去除率分别为22%~25%、20%~38%,对照组的分别为80%~94%、28%~40%。对照组NH+4-N浓度变化很小(0.071~0.073 mg/L),而实验组氨氮浓度显著增大(2.222~3.645 mg/L),分别为初始值的31、34、42、51和46倍。     

Heavy metals in soils along unpaved roads in south west Cameroon: Contamination levels and health risks

Soils enriched with heavy metals from vehicular emission present a significant exposure route of heavy metals to individuals using unpaved roads. This study assessed the extent of Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination of soils along unpaved roads in Cameroon, and the health risks presented by incidental ingestion and dermal contact with the soils using metal contamination factor (CF) pollution load index, hazard quotients (HQ) and chronic hazard index (CHI). CF values obtained (0.9–12.2) indicate moderate to high contamination levels. HQ values for Cr, Cd and Pb exceeded the reference doses. Moderate health hazard exists for road users in the areas with intense anthropogenic activities and high average daily traffic (ADT) volume according to CHI values (1–4) obtained. The economy and quality of life in cities with unpaved roads could be threatened by health challenges resulting from long-term exposure to heavy metal derived from high ADT volumes.     

Monitoring plastic ingestion by the northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis in the North Sea

The abundance of plastics in stomachs of northern fulmars from the North Sea is used in the OSPAR Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) for marine litter. The preliminary EcoQO defines acceptable ecological quality as the situation where no more than 10% of fulmars exceed a critical level of 0.1 g of plastic in the stomach. During 2003-2007, 95% of 1295 fulmars sampled in the North Sea had plastic in the stomach (on average 35 pieces weighing 0.31 g) and the critical level of 0.1 g of plastic was exceeded by 58% of birds, with regional variations ranging from 48 to 78%. Long term data for the Netherlands since the 1980s show a decrease of industrial, but an increase of user plastics, with shipping and fisheries as the main sources. The EcoQO is now also used as an indicator for Good Environmental Status in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive.     

燃煤型砷中毒的最低有效累积暴露剂量初探

以陕南燃煤型砷中毒病区的5个自然村为调查采样点,通过现场流行病学调查和环境样品的分析测定,分析砷暴露人群的砷暴露途径,估算各暴露途径(呼吸、饮水和食物)的暴露剂量及对总暴露的贡献率,探讨引发燃煤型地方性砷中毒发病的最低有效暴露剂量。研究结果表明,除对照村外,采暖季各村的烤火间和卧室空气砷含量均有不同程度的超标,水和粮食未受燃煤砷污染。在采暖季,高砷煤燃烧污染的空气是人群砷暴露的主要来源;在非采暖季消化道砷暴露是各村的主要摄砷途径;提示消化道暴露对累积砷暴露的贡献不容忽视。结合问卷调查和流行病学调查结果,估算陕南病区引发燃煤型砷中毒的最低累积暴露剂量在1 712 mg左右。     

南京市蔬菜中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险分析

为了研究南京市食物中多环芳烃的污染特征及其对人群的健康影响,本研究在南京市大型农贸市场和超市采集了当地居民普遍食用的8种蔬菜样品,使用微波萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了蔬菜中的8种多环芳烃。结果表明,多环芳烃(PAHs)总含量为53.2±7.54~290±6.80 ng/g,其中4环占总PAHs的50.0%;不同类型蔬菜中多环芳烃含量为叶菜类果菜类根茎类。运用特征比值法、等级聚类分析法源解析得到来源地蔬菜中PAHs主要来自于燃煤、石油或者其他生物质的不完全燃烧。南京市不同人群对多环芳烃的摄食暴露量是193~328 ng/d,引起的终生增量致癌风险在4.12×10-6~2.39×10-5范围内,处于低致癌风险水平,但是其健康影响仍不容忽视。     

一种离子液体——溴化1-辛基—3-甲基咪唑对大型溞摄食强度的影响

用计数法研究了一种离子液体--溴化I-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对大型溞滤水率和摄食率的影响及恢复条件下子代大型溞摄食强度的变化,以初步探讨离子液体对水生生态系统可能的影响.实验结果表明:离子液体显著降低了母代大型溞的滤水率和摄食率,最低浓度(7μg·L-1)处理组二者分别比对照下降了26.5%和20.6%,最高浓度处理组(112μg·L-1)二者下降了84%和80%;子代的滤水率和摄食率也受到抑制,且抑制程度大于母代,在离子液体浓度为112μg·L-1时子代第3胎幼潘滤水率和摄食率的下降比率高达95.5%和94.3%.将母体暴露于不同浓度离子液体的大型溞的子代第1胎和第3胎幼溞转入恢复实验,较低浓度处理组其摄食行为得到一定的恢复,但高浓度处理组仍受到较强的抑制,约比对照下降了80%.因此,离子液体严重影响了大型溞的摄食强度,对水生生态系统安全具有潜在的威胁.     

A model to predict concentration enrichment of contaminants on soil adhering to plants and skin

Transfer of soil contaminants into the food chain has long been a concern. However, certain aspects of the pathways involved have not been fully investigated. One is the enrichment of contaminant concentrations through physical processes such as size-sorting of soil particles. Fine particles selected from soil by processes such as adhesion onto plants will have much higher contaminant concentrations than the original soil. A saturation kinetics model of the process of soil adhesion to leaf surfaces was developed. The model helps identify the parameters that are least-well known and need experimental support. The ratio of clay and sand wash-off half times was especially important. With nominal values for the input parameters, estimated enrichments agreed well with observations to date, and ranged from slightly over unity for medium- and fine-textured soils to about tenfold for sandy soils. With a few reasonable assumptions, the model was generalised to apply to other soil adhesion scenarios such as adhesion to skin. The generalised model can be applied with minimal need for setting-specific information.     

土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评价

为了研究土壤中铜的生物可给性与土壤理化性质之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤铜的风险,采集我国一些地区的15个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险。结果表明,有2个土壤样品中铜的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准,有8个土壤样品中铜的含量高过二级标准;土壤中铜的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,胃肠阶段铜的溶解态含量分别为5.2~308.8 mg·kg~(-1)和5.9~348.5 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为74.8 mg·kg~(-1)和82.0 mg·kg~(-1);而铜的生物可给性分别为183%~66.6%和213%~77.4%,平均值分别为442%和51.1%。胃阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而与粘粒呈显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物有显著相关性;小肠阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,与土壤中总铜和锰氧化物含量呈显著负相关。如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄人土壤中铜对儿童的TDI(tolerable daily intake)贡献率除浙江富阳为2.51%外,有12个土壤样品低于1.00%,最低为0.11%。如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中铜对儿童的TDI贡献率除浙江富阳和浙江台州的土壤分别为2.83%和2.01%,另有12个土壤样品低于1.00%。可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中铜的对人体并没有很高的风险。     

摄食烤羊肉的多环芳烃暴露

多环芳烃(PAHs)对人体健康危害很大,而摄食暴露是PAHs暴露的重要途径之一.PAHs在人体内会代谢成包括羟基多环芳烃(OH-PAHs)在内的一系列代谢产物,并最终随尿液排出体外.为了研究摄入烧烤羊肉导致的PAHs暴露和暴露者尿样中OH-PAHs的含量和动态变化,征集了4名志愿者,在控制条件下一次性定量摄入烧烤羊肉后...