40吨转炉除尘水循环使用技术

承钢炼钢一厂4座40吨转炉采用湿法除尘,产量由20吨转炉改造扩产,但除尘水系统没有进行相应改造,系统能力一直不足,系统结垢严重。通过优化冷却水系统,进行适宜的水质稳定处理,解决了除尘水系统结垢问题。     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中痕量硝基苯的机理研究

实验考察了HCO3-、CO32-、HPO42-、H2PO4-和叔丁醇等羟基自由基抑制剂存在条件下,单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对水中硝基苯降解效果的影响规律,初步推测了反应机理.结果表明,2种工艺对硝基苯的去除率都随着HCO3-浓度的增加(0～200 mg·L-1)先增高再降低,在浓度为50 mg·L-1时去除率达到最大值;单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷对硝基苯的去除率随着CO32-浓度的增加(0～20 mg·L-1)分别降低了16.57%和27.52%,随着HPO42-浓度的增加(0～12 mg·L-1)分别降低了13.61%和17.52%,随着H2PO4-浓度的增加(0～120 mg·L-1)分别降低了6.61%和12.52%,随着叔丁醇浓度的增加(0～10mg·L-1)硝基苯去除率降低了30.06%和46.09%.证明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的降解遵循·OH氧化机理,叔丁醇更适合作为自由基抑制剂用来推断单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化降解硝基苯的反应机理.单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯的去除率随着pH值的升高(3.02～10.96)而增大,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的去除率在pH=9.23时达到最大值.     

The human serum paraoxonase—Polymorphism and specificity

Human serum contains EDTA‐sensitive (Ca⁺⁺‐dependent) and EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonases which hydrolyse paraoxon, 0,0‐diethyl,0–4‐nitrophenyl phosphate.

In Caucasians the EDTA‐sensitive enzyme shows a genetically determined polymorphism which is governed by two alleles. In typical Mongoloid or Negro populations this polymorphism is expressed to a lesser degree, and in a few samples (e.g. Aborigines) it cannot be observed at all. The distribution of the activity of the EDTA‐stable (albumin) paraoxonase is unimodal.

Many authors supposed that paraoxonase is an arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2) which means that it is also able to hydrolyse phenylacetate or β‐naphthylacetate. New investigations have shown that the human serum fractions splitting paraoxon can be separated from those hydrolysing phenylacetate and related substrates.

The polymorphism of the EDTA‐sensitive human serum paraoxonase can be applied to investigations concerning specificity. From this it becomes evident that this enzyme is rather specific. Already slight changes of the paraoxon molecule lead to a decrease of activity. On the other hand the enzyme seems to hydrolyse also phosphonic acid esters and 4‐nitrophenylacetate in the same way like paraoxon (polymorphism).

There is a linkage relationship of paraoxonase with cystic fibrosis and DNA markers. According to these results the (EDTA‐sensitive) paraoxonase locus is on the human chromosome 7.

A high serum paraoxonase level actually protects serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) and has to be considered in biological monitoring of workers exposed to parathion.     

可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状及发展

从实验研究、数值模拟和微观反应机理三个方面概括总结了近年来可燃物爆炸抑制的研究现状,总结了现阶段的研究成果,指出了研究中存在的不足。实验研究主要涉及卤代烃、水、干粉这三种抑制剂,研究了这三种抑制剂的制效果及优缺点;理论计算主要阐述爆炸及其抑制的反应特性、反应机理,现阶段的理论研究以宏观反应机理为主,缺乏对爆炸及其抑制的微观机理的研究,对爆炸及其抑制的本质认识不够。基于以上原因,对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

腐殖酸和产甲烷抑制剂对厌氧污泥发酵产氢效能的影响

为提高厌氧污泥的发酵产氢能力,采用间歇培养方式考察了不同产甲烷抑制剂与腐殖酸联合作用对厌氧污泥发酵葡萄糖产氢效能的影响,并通过Illumina MiSeq测序揭示了微生物群落结构的变化规律.结果表明,在葡萄糖初始浓度为500 mg·L^-1条件下,经过120 h的连续培养后,对照的累计产氢量为1.2 mL,存在明显的耗氢现象.当加入0.02%氯仿（V/V）、0.04%氯仿（V/V）或2-溴乙酸磺酸钠（10 mmol·L^-1）后,耗氢现象得到有效控制,它们的累计产氢量分别为15.7、13.2和9.4 mL.当向发酵系统同时加入产甲烷抑制剂和腐殖酸后,可以显著提高厌氧污泥的产氢效能.其中,0.02%氯仿和腐殖酸联合作用的促进效果最佳,其累计产氢量和最大产氢速率（R_max）分别达到了17.4 mL和0.24 mL·L^-1.相反,当替硝唑作为产甲烷抑制剂时,仍然存在耗氢现象.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,发酵系统中优势菌群的相对丰度存在显著差异.在对照系统中,Ottowia、Ignavibacterium、Nitrospira、Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Terrimona为优势菌群,其相对丰度为2.2%~4.2%.当0.02%氯仿和腐殖酸加入发酵系统后,Ottowia和Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis的相对丰度较对照分别增加了11.9%和31.8%,而Nitrospira的含量显著减少.     

新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP的性能评定

对自制的新型膦磺酸阻垢缓蚀剂SEDMP对CaCO3和Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢性能进行评定。在SEDMP加入量为4 mg/L、浓缩至水溶液中Ca2+质量浓度为500 mg/L时,SEDMP对CaCO3的阻垢率为90.6%,对CaCO3的阻垢效果大大优于其他有机膦类阻垢剂。当SEDMP加入量为10 mg/L时,对Ca3(PO4)2的阻垢率为96.0%。SEDMP作为缓蚀剂单独使用时具有一定的缓蚀效果,与磺酸盐共聚物、锌盐复配后效果更佳。SEDMP与常用杀菌剂同时使用时仍可保持良好的对CaCO3的阻垢性能,且不影响杀菌剂的杀菌率。     

硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件电偶腐蚀的防护作用研究

目的 研究YTF-3硬膜缓蚀剂对由TC4螺栓、不锈钢螺母、7050铝合金及TC4钛合金夹层板组成的组件电偶腐蚀的影响作用。方法 利用硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件和夹层板进行整体腐蚀防护处理,并通过盐雾加速腐蚀试验。将齿轮槽螺栓与无耳托板自锁螺母安装连接后,进行自然环境加速腐蚀试验,腐蚀后对螺栓螺母以及夹层板的腐蚀情况进行拍照检查,采用图像处理方式对腐蚀情况进行评价,并通过室温拉伸试验对钛合金螺栓腐蚀前后的力学性能情况进行对比分析。结果 经过腐蚀试验后,TC4螺栓和铝合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域比未刷涂缓蚀剂区域的平均腐蚀面积要小。不锈钢螺母与TC4钛合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域出现明显褶皱和破损现象。对比了试验前后钛合金螺栓的最大拉断载荷,发现降幅仅为0.5%。结论 铝合金夹层板会遭受电偶腐蚀,而YTF-3缓蚀剂可以有效隔绝腐蚀介质渗入固定间隙,大幅缓解电偶腐蚀,而钛合金螺栓在加速腐蚀试验中并未发生明显的腐蚀,并且力学性能无明显改变。     

Industrial system for mitigation of vapor cloud explosions

The oil industry operates installations and processes with important quantities of flammable substances within a wide range of pressures and temperatures. A particular hazard for this type of installations is an accidental release of a large quantity of flammable material resulting in a devastating vapor cloud explosion.Extensive research was conducted to assess the efficiency of chemicals for inhibition of flames. Especially alkali metal compounds (especially carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium) have shown to be one of the more efficient flame inhibitor species.In this paper, the principles of flame inhibition by alkali metal compounds are briefly explained. Based on these principles, a practical implementation of an industrial system for chemical inhibition of vapor cloud explosions is discussed. This implementation is based on the use of dry powders of carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium as flame inhibitor species.The efficiency of the final design of the inhibition system was tested and confirmed on a very large scale in Vapor Cloud Explosion tests in California (US) in September 2016. Several projects in TOTAL were identified in which the VCE inhibition technology is implemented (new cracker units in Daesan (South-Korea) and in Port Arthur (United States)).     

碳酰肼对烧结过程二噁英生成的抑制作用

研究了碳酰肼对钢铁厂烧结工序产生的二噁英的抑制效果。结果表明,添加了0.01%(质量分数,下同)、0.02%、0.05%、0.10%的碳酰肼之后,二噁英的排放质量浓度降为0.560、0.506、0.270、0.174ng-TEQ/m3,相对于基准值(0.821ng-TEQ/m3)大幅减少。碳酰肼对二噁英的从头合成以及前驱物生成都能起到一定的抑制效果。碳酰肼与Cu2+结合生成稳定的氮化物,削弱Cu2+的催化活性;与HCl反应,减少了生成二噁英的氯源;对FeCl3、CuCl2的催化活性也会产生影响。碳酰肼添加后,对多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)生成中高氯代二噁英的脱氯行为也有明显的抑制。     

羟基自由基抑制剂对臭氧氧化降解苯酚的影响

采用臭氧氧化法处理模拟苯酚废水,考察了废水pH以及HCO₃^-、CO₃^2-、HPO₄^2-、H₂PO₄^-和叔丁醇等·OH抑制剂对苯酚降解效果的影响。实验结果表明：苯酚降解率随废水pH的增大而增大;当废水pH=11时,降解25 min后苯酚降解率达到99.55%,比废水pH=5时提高了50.12百分点;CO₃^2-和H₂PO₄^-对·OH的抑制作用分别强于HCO₃^-和HPO₄^2-;当叔丁醇质量浓度由0增至50 mg/L时,苯酚降解率由99.55%降至69.19%。