PM10, O3, CO Concentrations and Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles in a School Building

Measurements of indoor and outdoor PM10, as well as indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were conducted and are presented here. These measurements were carried out at an institute building, located in a suburban industrial area in Greece. Both indoor and outdoor PM10 samples were also collected and their elemental composition was identified by ED-XRF analysis. Twenty seven major, minor and trace elements were identified. The measurements took place generally in different periods of institute operation, from June 2004 to February 2005. The indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the normal operation period of the institute were found to be many times higher than the respective outdoor PM10 concentrations of the same periods. On the contrary, the indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the holiday period were found to be lower than their corresponding outdoor values. Indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were found to be in low level. Indoor PM10 concentrations were found to be in a relative good correlation with O₃ (r = 0.45) and in high correlation (r = 0.98) with CO concentrations. On average, total elements concentrations were much higher indoors relative to outdoors. Based on above findings we attempted to determine the pollution sources of the indoor environment and to investigate some parameters or chemical processes that affect indoor pollutants’ levels.     

新疆集中式饮用水不同水源类型放射性水平对比分析

本文调查了新疆某集中式饮用水不同水源类型总α、总β放射性水平,对不同的水源类型进行了数据对比,以为测量分析中出现的异常数据提供一个有效的鉴别依据。采集了新疆集中式饮用水不同类型水源经放化分析及测量总α、总β数值,得到新疆集中式饮用水不同水源类型放射性水平,并对不同类型的水源进行了对比分析。研究发现,总体上新疆某集中式饮用水不同水源类型的放射性水平基本处于正常环境本底范围,天然放射性核素水平未见异常;总α、总β的放射性浓度的高低是相依而存的,总α放射性浓度高的,其β的放射性浓度也高,总α放射性浓度低的,其β的放射性浓度也低;湖库型、河流型、地下水三种水源地的总α、总β的放射性浓度的高低的起因,主要包括其地理位置、水源类型等。     

Adaptation to Climatic Variability and Change: Asian Perspectives on Agriculture and Food Security

The impacts of climate change on potential rice production in Asia are reviewed in the light of the adaptation to climatic variability and change. Collaborative studies carried out by IRRI and US-EPA reported that using process-based crop simulation models increasing temperature may decrease rice potential yield up to 7.4% per degree increment of temperature. When climate scenarios predicted by GCMs were applied it was demonstrated that rice production in Asia may decline by 3.8% under the climates of the next century. Moreover, changes in rainfall pattern and distribution were also found suggesting the possible shift of agricultural lands in the region. The studies however have not taken the impacts of climatic variability into account, which often produce extreme events like that caused by monsoons and El Niño. Shifts in rice-growing areas are likely to be constrained by land-use changes occurring for other developmental reasons, which may force greater cultivation of marginal lands and further deforestation. This should be taken into account and lead to more integrated assessment, especially in developing countries where land-use change is more a top-down policy rather than farmers' decision. A key question is: To what extent will improving the ability of societies to cope with current climatic variability through changing design of agricultural systems and practices help the same societies cope with the likely changes in climate?     

Background values and distribution trends of Cu and Zn in soils of humid Mediterranean environment

Soil is the foundation of the entire biosphere. Knowledge of its heavy metal content and regional variability is essential to assess the environmental quality of soil and the extent of any contamination. In this study, 250 soil samples (within 125 soil profiles) were collected in undisturbed soils of the La Rioja region (an ideal place of the humid Mediterranean environment of Spain). The ‘total and bioavailable’ contents of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were measured and their spatial variability assessed. The results indicate that Zn and Cu values were found to be very close to national and global averages. The spatial distribution of those elements was related to the nature of the bedrock and, to a lesser extent, was of anthropogenic origin. The variation of vertical distributions can be related, firstly, to natural sources – mainly the bedrock – and, secondly, to soil processes. From an ecological perspective, the ecosystem has not been affected by pollution.     

Uncertainty in establishing forest reference levels and predicting future forest-based carbon stocks for REDD+

Forest reference levels (FRLs) provide a benchmark for assessing reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), and they are central to demonstrate additionality of REDD+. Attaining realistic FRLs, however, is challenging, especially in complex mosaic landscapes. We established FRLs in northern Laos for different reference periods and tested them against actual carbon stock changes. Annual time series of Landsat satellite images were used to capture the subtle changes in carbon stocks in complex landscapes characterized by shifting cultivation. We found that FRLs differ considerably depending on the reference period chosen. Abrupt land-use changes occurred when hybrid maize replaced traditional shifting cultivation and forests, and this invalidated carbon stock trends that would have been predicted had the FRL been projected into the future. We conclude that demonstrating additionality of REDD+ in fast developing areas is difficult and that payment systems rewarding potential emission reductions against hypothetical extrapolation of FRLs are unlikely to be a cost-effective strategy.     

中国193个城市规划区土壤微量元素污染与健康风险

随着城市化进程的加快,城市表层土壤微量元素含量发生了不同程度的变化,城市土壤污染所引发的环境问题进一步凸显.为了系统研究我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）193个地级以上城市规划区表层土壤13种微量元素的含量特征、污染水平和暴露风险,利用地累积指数（I_geo）和综合污染指数（IPI）对土壤微量元素的污染水平进行了评价,采用美国环保署（USEPA）推荐的健康风险评估方法量化了居民暴露于城市土壤的健康风险.研究结果显示：城市规划区表层土壤As、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Se、Tl、V和Zn等13个元素含量中位值分别是9.25、2.14、0.174、12.4、68.4、28.2、0.095、27.7、31.1、0.29、0.61、82.7和82.2 mg·kg^-1,相比于城市土壤背景值,Cd、Hg和Se是含量变化比较显著的元素.I_geo值表明城市规划区表层土壤污染最严重的是Hg,其次是Se和Cd,污染程度介于无污染至中度污染之间,其他元素无污染.综合污染指数IPI_N显示：全国有22个城市规划区土壤已达到重度污染,16个城市达到中度污染,湖南省株洲市是全国土壤污染最严重的城市.健康风险评估结果表明：郴州市、黄石市、株洲市、湘潭市和龙岩市等5个城市规划区土壤暴露对未成年人具有潜在非致癌风险,其中土壤Pb摄入是引发风险的主要因素.建议在综合污染已达中度到重度污染的城市开展详查,摸清土壤污染状况及污染地块分布,建立污染地块清单和优先管控名录,实施污染调控和修复治理.     

北京市市售鸡蛋和鸭蛋中全氟化合物的污染水平研究

研究了北京市市售蛋类中全氟化合物的污染水平.分别对14个主要蛋类批发市场中59个摊位的鸡蛋和鸭蛋进行了样品采集,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)对17种全氟化合物(11种全氟羧酸盐、3种全氟磺酸盐、1种全氟磺酰胺和2种氟化调聚酸)进行了系统性分析.结果表明北京市市售鸡蛋和鸭蛋样品中均存在一定浓度的全氟化合物污染,其中鸡蛋中共检出9种全氟化合物,以全氟壬酸(PFNA)、全氟庚酸(PFHpA)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)为主,平均含量分别为0.105、0.073和0.069 ng·g-1;鸭蛋中共检出10种全氟化合物,以全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和PFOA为主,平均含量分别为0.378ng·g-1和0.296 ng·g-1.鸡蛋和鸭蛋中均未检出全氟戊酸(PFPeA)、全氟十四酸(PFTA)、全氟丁烷磺酸(PFBS)和8:2饱和调聚酸(FOEA).鸭蛋中总PFCs约是鸡蛋的3.4倍.鸡蛋中PFNA和PFHpA之间(r=0.954)以及鸭蛋中全氟十一酸(PFUnDA)和全氟十三酸(PFTrDA)之间(r=0.915)均存在较强的正相关性.对人体健康风险评价结果显示,北京市市售鸡蛋和鸭蛋中PFOS和PFOA污染水平不会对北京市居民产生即时危害.     

北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

北京2012~2013年的冬春多次出现雾霾天气,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)污染严重.而PM2.5作为PM10中粒径较小的部分,在PM10中所占比重越高,污染越严重.因此,本研究选取了能够覆盖北京所有区县的30个PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度监测点,对该地区的PM2.5和PM10污染特征进行分析,确定其空间差异特征和时间性变化特征.普通克里格插值(Original Kriging)法得到的北京地区冬、春季颗粒物浓度分布图显示,颗粒物浓度从北部山区到南部地区逐渐递增,在中心城区处,西部高于东部,且局部地区存在一定的城乡差异.颗粒物浓度月变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,1月最高,4月最低;逐日变化反映了PM2.5和PM10浓度具有较好的相关性,且受气象条件影响显著;日变化呈双峰趋势.本文选取日平均气温(℃)、相对湿度(%)、风速(风级)、降水量(mm)等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析研究各个气象因子对大气PM2.5和PM10浓度的影响.北京冬季PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度分别与气温、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关,风速和相对湿度是影响污染物质量浓度分布的主要因素.     

南京北郊冬春季气溶胶数浓度变化特征分析

使用APS-3321对2014年南京北郊冬春季0.5~20μm粒径段大气气溶胶数浓度进行了较长时间的连续观测,对其变化特征进行了分析.观测期间南京北郊冬、春季大气气溶胶平均数浓度分别为(364.8±297.8)个·cm~(-3)和(79.6±62.4)个·cm~(-3),细粒子(0.5~1.0μm)分别占整个观测粒径段数浓度的87.8%和86.6%,在不同时间段,数浓度变化很大.南京北郊数浓度具有明显的日变化特征,夜晚浓度高,白天浓度低,冬季07:00和春季09:00达到早高峰,冬季17:00和春季18:00数浓度开始迅速增加.数浓度粒径谱分布冬季为单峰型,峰值粒径在0.583~0.626μm之间,春季峰值粒径小于0.542μm,冬季峰值粒径大于春季.随着相对湿度的增加气溶胶数浓度不断增加,同时峰值粒径向较大粒径方向偏移,体现了吸湿增长对气溶胶粒径谱分布的影响.观测期间,霾天比例高达83.3%,随着霾污染加重,在小于2.0μm的粒径段数浓度显著增加且冬季更为明显;春季,细粒子比例随霾的加重而增加,但冬季由于气溶胶老化导致大粒径粒子浓度显著增大,重度霾天时,细粒子比例有所降低.对1月典型污染过程的分析表明,气团来源与地面风向存在很好的对应关系,苏北近距离污染输送和地面小风造成的污染物累积是此次重污染过程形成的重要原因.