区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

燃煤发电厂粉尘危害及防治对策

粉尘是燃煤发电厂重点防治的职业病危害因素。以某燃煤发电厂2×330MW机组为例,调查和分析了燃煤发电厂中粉尘的种类、分布及防护设施,并对该燃煤电厂主要工种和作业场所粉尘浓度情况进行了检测、分析和讨论,提出皮带巡检工、灰库巡检工是燃煤电厂粉尘危害重点防护对象,而输煤皮带转载点、破碎机以及灰库卸灰操作位现场粉尘浓度超标严重,是燃煤发电厂粉尘危害防治的重点工作场所。在对该燃煤电厂粉尘浓度超标原因分析的基础上,从工程防护和管理等方面提出了燃煤发电厂粉尘危害相应的防治措施,为燃煤电厂粉尘危害防治提供参考和依据。     

基于不同时段人群特征的地铁疏散仿真研究

针对地铁不同运行时段人群特征对疏散的影响,对每小时进入地铁站人数进行观测,将地铁运行时段分为高峰时段、平峰时段与低峰时段,并对各时段某一时刻列车到站数量进行记录。对不同运行时段的年龄、携带行李情况、速度等人群特征进行观测记录,根据各时段人群特征对地铁站进行Pathfinder疏散仿真建模。从疏散用时、拥堵点、人员疏散路径、出口利用率等方面对各运行时段人员疏散仿真结果进行分析,得到高峰时段两列列车同时到站时,疏散拥堵现象明显,且两列列车到站与1列车到站两种情况下的人员疏散存在一定差异;平峰与低峰时段两列列车同时到站疏散拥堵点明显,出口利用率情况较为一致。最后,对提高地铁疏散效率提出几点建议措施:注重时段差异性的地铁疏散管理;增强拥堵点的疏散引导;缩短列车行车间隔。     

铁矿洗选项目环评要点探讨

结合铁矿洗选项目环评及运行的实际情况,探讨此类项目环评过程中需要考虑的诸多环节,提出具有可操作性的解决方法,对铁矿洗选企业的环境保护和有关项目的环境影响评价有一定的借鉴意义。     

大气环境影响评价工作等级划分技术方法探讨

基于HJ2.2-2008《环境影响评价技术导则——大气环境》有关规定,结合大气环评实践案例,对大气环境影响评价工作等级划分技术方法进行深入、系统地研究与探讨,提出等级划分原则性技术要点,进一步探讨了评价工作等级划分方法在环评中的理解和执行的具体问题及解决方案,对做好大气环境影响评价工作具有重要的指导意义。     

Management and Recovery Options for Ural River Beluga Sturgeon

Abstract: Management of declining fisheries of anadromous species sometimes relies heavily on supplementation of populations with captive breeding, despite evidence that captive breeding can have negative consequences and may not address the root cause of decline. The beluga sturgeon (Huso huso), a species threatened by the market for black caviar and reductions in habitat quality, is managed through harvest control and hatchery supplementation, with an emphasis on the latter. We used yield per recruit and elasticity analyses to evaluate the population status and current levels of fishing and to identify the life‐history stages that are the best targets for conservation of beluga of the Ural River. Harvest rates in recent years were four to five times higher than rates that would sustain population abundance. Sustainable rates of fishing mortality are similar to those for other long‐lived marine species such as sharks and mammals. Yield per recruit, which is maximized if fish are first harvested at age 31 years, would be greatly enhanced by raising minimum size limits or reducing illegal take of subadults. Improving the survival of subadult and adult females would increase population productivity by 10 times that achieved by improving fecundity and survival from egg to age 1 year (i.e., hatchery supplementation). These results suggest that reducing mortality of subadults and adult wild fish is a more effective conservation strategy than hatchery supplementation. Because genetics is not factored into hatchery management practices, supplementation may even reduce the viability of the beluga sturgeon.     

焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及淋洗粒级分割点确定

土壤粒径分布和污染物在不同粒级土壤中的分布特征是污染土壤淋洗可处理性的重要依据,淋洗粒级分割点则是淋洗工艺的重要参数.根据土壤异位淋洗的技术要求,在焦化厂污染场地进行了采样,测定了土样的粒径分布曲线及不同粒级土壤中美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的初始浓度,并采用Tween 80和Triton X-100溶液对不同粒级污染土样进行了振荡清洗实验.结果表明,16种PAHs在6个粒级中的总浓度在6.27～40.18 mg/kg范围,呈双峰分布模式,单个PAH污染物的最高浓度大多出现在250～500 μm的颗粒中, 50～75 μm的颗粒中污染物浓度最低;PAHs去除率与其初始浓度及土壤特性有关,初始浓度越低,去除率越高,粗颗粒中由于有机碳含量较高,PAHs去除效率反而低于细颗粒.根据清洗效果并从废物减量化角度出发,确定以50 μm作为土壤淋洗的粒级分割点,这样减容率可以达到82.95％.     

浅议日本的自来水水价

介绍日本不同城市的两部分水费制的具体实施和“负担公平化和经营稳定化”宗旨以及供水行业支出费用的组成.日本的市民每个月的自来水水费支出数额占整个生活消费总数的比例呈缓慢上升趋势,随着水价逐年缓慢增长.日本的水价和水费管理模式以及上海最新提出的三级梯度水价规划方案值得借鉴与参考.     

A water quality monitoring network design methodology for the selection of critical sampling points: Part II

In order to resolve the spatial component of the design of a water quality monitoring network, a methodology has been developed to identify the critical sampling locations within a watershed. This methodology, called Critical Sampling Points (CSP), focuses on the contaminant total phosphorus (TP), and is applicable to small, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. The CSP methodology was translated into a model, called Water Quality Monitoring Station Analysis (WQMSA). It incorporates a geographic information system (GIS) for spatial analysis and data manipulation purposes, a hydrologic/water quality simulation model for estimating TP loads, and an artificial intelligence technology for improved input data representation. The model input data include a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors. The model also includes an economic and logistics component. The validity of the CSP methodology was tested on a small experimental Pennsylvanian watershed, for which TP data from a number of single storm events were available for various sampling points within the watershed. A comparison of the ratios of observed to predicted TP loads between sampling points revealed that the model's results were promising.     

春季典型天气太原市大气环境监测时段性研究

为了从一些具有代表性的监测时段数据中快速而直观地反映太原市大气环境状况,运用特征分析法对太原市中心城区7个监测点的16个时间点位的样本数据联系性进行了分析。借助MATLAB软件对其进行可视化,得到各监测点的时间点优化分组。通过对7个优化分组综合比选,提出了能整体反映春季典型天气条件下太原市大气环境状况的优化时段点位,分别为7:00、12:00、14:00、15:00、18:00、19:00和22:00。将5 d相同或相似天气状况的优化时段点位进行对比,得到的结果一致,体现了代表性。太原市总体优化时段点位数据由反映各区域状况的各监测点优化时段点数据平均值或乘以相应的权重得出。