The Valuation of Health Effects Caused by Stationary Sources–Related SO2 Emissions: The Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan

This paper presents the externalities of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in the Taichung metropolitan, Taiwan. The human effects of SO₂ from stationary sources are a key element for local air quality management. A methodology to evaluate those effects in monetary term had been adapted and applied. This method was modified from the EU-based impact pathway approach link to the skill of geographic information systems. The studied area was divided into 66 districts and the quantity of SO₂ was allocated to each district. Then, the ambient concentration of SO₂ was estimated by using the ordinary kriging method. A risk analysis was employed to characterize the health impacts caused by SO₂. Finally, a monetary transfer approach based on the European data was conducted to estimate local damage costs per ton of SO₂. Health impacts, especially acute mortality, dominate in term of costs. The calculation showed that damage costs ranged from 0.56 to 7.38 USD/kg SO₂ based on the 2002 emission data. The results could be used in the internalization of SO₂ externalities and management of the stationary sources in the studied area. This paper also concludes that the externalities caused by stationary-related SO₂ emissions are some 28.5 million US dollars in Taichung metropolitan (Taiwan) in 2002.     

生物视觉的研究

生物视觉是目前科学技术研究的热点之一。笔者通过对生物视觉形态学方面的深入研究 ,探讨了生物视觉产生、发展的结构与机制 ,尤其研讨了视觉通路的解剖结构、感受野分层等级假设、视觉信息的并行处理性质及视觉皮层间的反馈和整合作用等。同时还介绍了当前生物视觉方面的研究进展     

Five Potential Consequences of Climate Change for Invasive Species

Abstract:  Scientific and societal unknowns make it difficult to predict how global environmental changes such as climate change and biological invasions will affect ecological systems. In the long term, these changes may have interacting effects and compound the uncertainty associated with each individual driver. Nonetheless, invasive species are likely to respond in ways that should be qualitatively predictable, and some of these responses will be distinct from those of native counterparts. We used the stages of invasion known as the "invasion pathway" to identify 5 nonexclusive consequences of climate change for invasive species: (1) altered transport and introduction mechanisms, (2) establishment of new invasive species, (3) altered impact of existing invasive species, (4) altered distribution of existing invasive species, and (5) altered effectiveness of control strategies. We then used these consequences to identify testable hypotheses about the responses of invasive species to climate change and provide suggestions for invasive-species management plans. The 5 consequences also emphasize the need for enhanced environmental monitoring and expanded coordination among entities involved in invasive-species management.     

红球菌CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的特性及途径

以一株降解氯氰菊酯的红球菌(Rhodococcussp.)CDT3为材料,研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的最适条件(温度、pH值、接种量、培养时间、添加营养物).结果表明,在温度30℃,pH8.0时,CDT3对氯氰菊酯的降解率最高,添加少量葡萄糖、蛋白胨、酵母汁均能促进它对氯氰菊酯的降解.研究了CDT3降解氯氰菊酯的代谢途径,通过GC-MS分析,证实氯氰菊酯被CDT3降解后的产物是3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)和二氯菊酸(DCVA),推测氯氰菊酯是由CDT3产生的羧酸酯酶降解的,作为验证,提取了CDT3的粗酶液,并且通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)检测了羧酸酯酶.     

高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展

介绍了几个国家在地表水、污水处理厂进出水等水环境中检测出的人工甜味剂的含量,简介了人工甜味剂对人体的危害,综述了基于臭氧氧化和紫外光照射的高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展,剖析了人工甜味剂的降解产物和降解路径以及在降解过程中的矿化效果和毒性变化,对后续的研究方向进行了展望。     

Photostability study of cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide cycloxaprid in water

Cycloxaprid (CYC) is a new cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide, which is currently under development in China for agricultural pest control. Considering the photodegradation of CYC is important for the application of CYC in the future, the photochemical behavior of CYC in aqueous solution was herein investigated in a “merry-go-round” reactor under a 300 W high-pressure mercury lamp. Twenty-five photodegradation products were identified via UPLC-TOF-ESI-MS/MS. The results suggested that NTN32692, the precursor of CYC was the predominant photodegradation product. CYC photodegrades via a more complex mechanism than imidacloprid and four potential photodegradation pathways were proposed.     

Pathway and policy analysis to China’s deep decarbonization

The Paris Agreement marks the beginning of a new era in the global response to climate change, which further clarifies the long-term goal and underlines the urgency addressing climate change. For China, promoting the decoupling between economic growth and carbon emissions as soon as possible is not only the core task of achieving the medium- and long-term goals and strategies to address climate change, but also the inevitable requirement for ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the analysis of the historical trends of the economy and social development, as well as society, energy consumption, and key end-use sectors in China, this paper studies the deep carbon emission reduction potential of carbon emission of in energy, industry, building, and transportation and other sectors with “bottom-up” modeling analysis and proposes a medium- and long-term deep decarbonization pathway based on key technologies’ mitigation potentials for China. It is found that under deep decarbonization pathway, China will successfully realize the goals set in China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of achieving carbon emissions peak around 2030 and lowering carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60–65% from the 2005 level. From 2030 onward, the development of nonfossil energy will further accelerates, and the share of nonfossil energies in primary energy will amounts to about 44% by 2050. Combined with the acceleration of low-carbon transformation in end-use sectors including industry, building, and transportation, the carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 will fall to the level before 2005, and the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decreases by more than 90% from the 2005 level. To ensure the realization of the deep decarbonization pathway, this paper puts forward policy recommendations from four perspectives, including intensifying the total carbon dioxide emissions cap and strengthening the related institutional systems and regulations, improving the incentive policies for industrial low-carbon development, enhancing the role of the market mechanism, and advocating low-carbon life and consumption patterns.     

气候变化对中国夏季臭氧影响

气象条件对近地层臭氧(O₃)的生成有重要影响.为了探讨未来气候变化如何影响中国不同地区的O₃浓度,本研究将全球耦合模式比较计划CMIP5提供的CESM地球系统模式的气候预测数据作为WRF区域气象模式的初始边界条件,降尺度模拟了3种代表情景(RCP4.5、 RCP6.0和RCP8.5)下的未来2046～2055年夏季气候变化情况,并驱动CMAQ区域空气质量模式模拟气候变化对O₃的影响.结果表明,气候变化使中国夏季边界层高度、温度均值和高温天数增加,相对湿度有所降低,近地面风速无明显变化.在气象要素的共同影响下,O₃浓度在京津冀、四川和华南等地区呈现增加趋势,O₃每日最大8 h滑动平均(MDA8)极值在不同情景下增幅为：RCP8.5(0.7μg·m^-3)>RCP6.0(0.3μg·m^-3)>RCP4.5(0.2μg·m^-3).夏季MDA8超标日变化与高温天数变化有较为相似的分布,MDA8超标的发生与高温天...     

土地利用对典型喀斯特河流溶解性有机质的直接和间接影响

土地利用可向河流直接输送陆源有机质直接影响河流溶解性有机质（DOM）丰度,也可通过增强河流营养负荷间接加强DOM的本地生产.研究基于紫外-可见光吸收光谱（UV-VIS）和三维荧光-平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）技术研究雨季（7月）芙蓉江河流DOM组分特征和空间分布,并采用相关分析和偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）辨析和量化多尺度下土地利用对DOM的直接和间接影响.结果表明,土地利用对DOM的直接影响普遍强于间接影响.不同DOM组分对水体营养状况和土地利用的响应各异,溶解性有机碳（DOC）和有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）更易受水体营养状况影响,荧光溶解性有机质（FDOM）则对土地利用更为敏感.土地利用对DOC和CDOM的直接影响强度随空间尺度略有波动,但总影响强度无明显的空间尺度差异,对FDOM的直接影响强度在河段500 m缓冲区尺度最大,且随尺度增大而降低.旱地、城镇用地、其它建设用地、斑块密度（PD）、边缘密度（ED）和香农多样性指数（SHDI）为增加河流DOM丰度的典型土地利用指标,水田、灌木林、最大斑块指数（LPI）和聚合度指数（AI）为有效减少DOM丰度的典型土地利用指标.总氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和溶解性总磷（DTP）与土地利用和DOM密切相关,即氮、磷元素在"土地利用-河流DOM"中有着重要的"中介"作用.FDOM可作为衡量近河段土地利用直接向河流输入陆源有机质强弱的指示参数.     

饮用水砂滤池中微生物对微量污染物的降解潜力与途径

砂滤池已广泛应用于饮用水处理中,已有研究证明砂滤池能有效降解部分微量污染物,但对其降解途径和降解微生物缺乏深入探讨.据此,本研究首先采集2个实际饮用水厂滤池中的石英砂和锰砂滤料,通过宏基因组分析了滤料对阿替洛尔、阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平的降解基因和相关降解微生物.结果表明,锰砂滤池生丝微菌科和石英砂滤池中的假单胞菌属具有将阿特拉津转化为羟基阿特拉津的潜力;砂滤池含多种分泌阿替洛尔酰胺水解酶的微生物,具有将阿替洛尔转换为阿替洛尔酸的能力;在滤池中广泛存在单、双加氧酶和细胞色素P450,能将阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平氧化.进一步通过培养实验验证了滤料对这4种微量污染物的降解途径.本研究最后对其它9个实际水厂砂滤池滤料的宏基因组分析发现所有砂滤池都含有丰富的酰胺水解酶、加氧酶和细胞色素P450,说明饮用水砂滤池都具有降解多种微量污染物的潜力.