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981.
为了研究大气被动采样技术的可行性,评价其技术性能、特色和应用价值,采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的被动采样器,对北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中的典型持久性有机氯污染物分别进行了为期5个月和半年的样品采集,利用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等进行了测定.结果表明:数据重现性良好,检测下限的范围为0.2~8.0 pg/m3;北京市有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较高,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为1 910 pg/m3,ρ(p,p′-DDT)最低,为21 pg/m3;卧龙自然保护区有机氯污染物检出质量浓度相对较低,其中ρ(HCB)最高,为254 pg/m3,ρ(PCB52)最低,为1.3 pg/m3.初步表征、比较了北京市和四川卧龙自然保护区大气中HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs等化学组成特征.以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,可以应用于城市和边远地区持久性有机氯污染物的长期采样和监测. 相似文献
982.
Susan Clement Wilson Marleen Susman Sharon Bain Monica Wohlferd Daniel L. Van Dyke Art Daniel Beverly White R. J. McKinlay Gardner 《黑龙江环境通报》2002,22(8):681-685
We present six cases of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism diagnosed at chorionic villus sampling (CVS), this being the first prospective series to be reported. The clinical indication in each was advanced maternal age. Further prenatal studies in four (amniocentesis, plus fetal blood sampling in one) did not show the isochromosome. In one case, subsequent amniocentesis showed 1/48 in situ colonies with the isochromosome, but fetal blood was karyotypically normal. These five pregnancies resulted in phenotypically normal livebirths; further normal follow-up reports (from age 4 months through 4 years) are noted in four of these. Analysis of placental tissue in one case confirmed the presence of the i(5p) mosaicism. In the remaining case, in which 100% of CVS cultured cells had the i(5p), the pregnancy was terminated. Fetal skin fibroblasts did not show the i(5p). Thus, in none of these six cases was true fetal mosaicism detected, nor an abnormal phenotype noted. We suggest that a 47,+i(5p)/46 karyotype, detected at CVS, may frequently reflect confined placental mosaicism. In addition, we report a case of the primary diagnosis of 47,+i(5p)/46 mosaicism at amniocentesis. The infant appeared normal at birth, but a brain malformation was subsequently identified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
983.
984.
Prenatal diagnosis was attempted in a pregnant Japanese woman whose son had died of infantile hypophosphatasia, using chorionic villi sampled at 10 weeks of gestation. Southern blot analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism was used as a guide, with cDNA for the human liver-type alkaline phosphatase as a probe, and BclI as a restriction enzyme. The fetus was found to be a heterozygote; the pregnancy was allowed to continue; and the baby born was phenotypically normal. 相似文献
985.
Effluent monitoring typically requires a large number of analytes and samples during the initial or startup phase of a facility. Once a baseline is established, the analyte list and sampling frequency may be reduced. Although there is a large body of literature relevant to the initial design, few, if any, published papers exist on updating established effluent monitoring programs. This paper statistically evaluates four years of baseline data to optimize the liquid effluent monitoring efficiency of a centralized waste treatment and disposal facility at a large defense nuclear complex. Specific objectives were to: (1) assess temporal variability in analyte concentrations, (2) determine operational factors contributing to waste stream variability, (3) assess the probability of exceeding permit limits, and (4) streamline the sampling and analysis regime. Results indicated that the probability of exceeding permit limits was one in a million under normal facility operating conditions, sampling frequency could be reduced, and several analytes could be eliminated. Furthermore, indicators such as gross alpha and gross beta measurements could be used in lieu of more expensive specific isotopic analyses (radium, cesium-137, and strontium-90) for routine monitoring. Study results were used by the state regulatory agency to modify monitoring requirements for a new discharge permit, resulting in an annual cost savings of US $223,000. This case study demonstrates that statistical evaluation of effluent contaminant variability coupled with process knowledge can help plant managers and regulators streamline analyte lists and sampling frequencies based on detection history and environmental risk. 相似文献
986.
Donald J. Turton Parker J. Wigington Jr. 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(3):443-448
A device to trigger automatic pumping samplers at discrete stages on headwater streams in southeastern Oklahoma was developed. The magnetic switch column employs a sequence of magnetic reed switches wired in parallel and set at 0.03 m (0.10 ft) intervals. A magnetic float inside the column closes the reed switches, therby triggering the sampler as stage rises and falls. The columns were constructed from inexpensive, readily-available materials. Following installation and field calibration, the columns provided relaible and representative sampling during 12 storms, at three sites. The magnetic switch column may be used in a wide range of research and monitoring sites to improve water quality sampling. 相似文献
987.
Maternal cell contamination (MCC) presents a potential problem in the analysis of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) preparations for early prenatal diagnosis by chromosomal, biochemical and molecular methods. Through the comparison of fluorescent chromosome variants from CVS and maternal cells, we found three out of 50 samples to have MCC. One of these was observed on a direct preparation. Routine chromosome heteromorphism analysis suggested as a reliable method for monitoring MCC in CVS specimens. 相似文献
988.
Gwangseob Kim Juan B. Valdés Gerald R. North Hong Tae Kim 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(1):213-224
A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively. 相似文献
989.
War broke out in Chechnya in November 1994 following a three-year economic blockade. It caused widespread destruction in the capital Grozny. In April 1995 Medical Relief International--or Merlin, a British medical non-governmental organisation (NGO)--began a programme to provide medical supplies, support health centres, control communicable disease and promote preventive health-care in Grozny. In July 1995 the agency undertook a city-wide needs assessment using a modification of the cluster sampling technique developed by the Expanded Programme on Immunisation. This showed that most people had enough drinking-water, food and fuel but that provision of medical care was inadequate. The survey allowed Merlin to redirect resources earmarked for a clean water programme towards health education and improving primary health-care services. It also showed that rapid assessment by a statistically satisfactory method is both possible and useful in such a situation. 相似文献
990.
从实际的恶臭监测分析出发,结合执行与实践《恶臭污染物排放标准》、《空气质量恶臭的测定三点比较式臭袋法》过程中的各种体会,从标准本身、采样以及分析的质量保证这三个方面,对恶臭监测分析中的相关问题进行了探讨。建议对排放标准的适用范围进行调整,增加行业排放标准,对有组织排放增加浓度排放限值进行规定,对采样气象条件、采样点位、采样频率进行明确,并引入背景值或本底值的测量,对测量结果进行修正。最后针对分析环节,就采样器材、实验室和分析人员三个方面提出了相应的质量保证要求,以确保恶臭测定方法的准确有效。 相似文献