EDDS对土壤铜镉有效性及蓖麻吸收转运的影响

为探究螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,以蓖麻（Ricinus communis L.）为供试植物,通过土培和盆栽试验,研究不同含量乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）对土壤中铜镉形态和植物吸收、转运的影响.结果表明,EDDS显著增加了土壤有效态铜和镉含量,培养15 d时,增幅分别为43.01%~103.55%和51.78%~69.43%,同时促进了可还原态铜向弱酸提取态转化,增加了土壤铜的移动性.EDDS促进了蓖麻对铜的吸收、转运与富集.EDDS 2.5和EDDS 5.0处理时,地上部铜含量是对照的4.88倍和16.65倍（P< 0.05）,根部是对照的2.89倍和3.60倍（P<0.05）,铜转运系数显著提高了72.73%和381.82%.EDDS 5.0处理时,蓖麻地上部和根部的铜提取量分别是对照处理的14.08倍和2.16倍,总铜提取量是对照处理的4.70倍（P< 0.05）.此外,EDDS显著增加了蓖麻镉含量,EDDS 2.5处理时,地上部和根部分别增加了15.15%和57.42%,蓖麻总镉提取量显著提高了13.44%.综上可知,EDDS能增加土壤铜镉的有效性,促进蓖麻对铜镉的吸收,提高蓖麻的修复效率,其中5.0 mmol·kg^-1 EDDS更有利于蓖麻对铜的提取,而2.5 mmol·kg^-1 EDDS处理对镉的提取有较高的增加效果.     

Tween80对植物吸收菲和芘的影响

以水培体系模拟研究了非离子表面活性剂Tween80对黑麦草吸收菲和芘的影响.结果表明,当培养液中菲和芘的起始浓度分别为1 00mg·L-1和0 12mg·L-1时,0～105 6mg·L-1范围内,低浓度Tween80可促进根和茎叶吸收菲和芘,Tween80浓度为6 6mg·L-1时促进作用最为明显,根和茎叶中菲和芘含量、富集系数为无表面活性剂对照处理的116%～216%;而高浓度则有抑制作用.当培养液中菲和芘的起始浓度为相应Tween80浓度下的表观溶解度时,根和茎叶中菲和芘含量随Tween80浓度上升明显增大,Tween80的增溶作用有利于根和茎叶对菲和芘的吸收.     

An approach for restoration of the water quality with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers

This work deals with an approach for the water quality restoration with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers, causing influence on the management of the central-regional aqueduct, as a source of water supply for human consumption (4 million people) and industrial production in the states of Carabobo, Cojedes and Aragua, Venezuela, testing the phytoremediation techniques through Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) species and coupled bioreactors, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Filter in Three Separate Stages (UAF-3SS). Five rivers are involved known as Chirgua, Paito Guacara, Ereigüe, and Tucutunemo, whose waters have been classified as hypereutrophic, and containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). As a sample, for Tucutunemo River, OCPs included to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its isomers and DRINs (Aldrin, Endrin and Dieldrin) dissolved in water and sorbed on sediments, which were measured during the dry and rainy seasons in the period 2013 to 2016, in three monitoring stations distributed in a reach of 15 km. The results indicated that p.p′-DDT concentration dissolved in water was increased up to 10 times from rainy to dry seasons, indicating that a permanent use of it is being carried out by farmers in the agricultural activity development. Steady concentrations of the DTT isomers (e.g., p.p′-DDD and p.p′-DDE) and Aldrin isomers (e.g., Dieldrin) demonstrated that the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes occurred along the river and between climatic seasons. At experimental scale, VZ hydroponic system developed over a period of 6 months for the removal of nutrients demonstrated moderately low to high removal efficiencies. With respect coupled bioreactors, each bioreactor has been experimentally tested, demonstrating satisfactory performance in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant and inhibitory substances (46%–98%), which was estimated in the influent ranging from 3500 to 5500 mg/L, evidencing that coupling of bioreactors might lead to a effluent COD complying with environmental regulations.     

DA-6和EDDS施用对龙葵生长、Cd吸收和土壤细菌群落结构的影响

通过盆栽试验,探讨植物生长调节剂DA-6和螯合剂EDDS施用对Cd污染土壤上龙葵生长、Cd吸收及土壤细菌群落结构的影响,以此评估不同修复处理的实际应用效果.结果表明,单独添加DA-6、将DA-6和EDDS联合施用均能促进龙葵的生长,使其地上部鲜重较对照分别显著增加了 24.58％和19.57％,同时龙葵叶片的叶绿素含量...     

环境中有害金属植物修复的生理机制及进展

重金属和放射性核素是污染土壤和水体的两大类有害金属,有关它们的传统治理方法不太理想。依赖于植物的修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种非常有前途的污染治理技术,笔者就其修复有害金属污染土壤和水体的生理机制、研究方向及进展、合适植物的选取等方面作了详细介绍。      

改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤上龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中龙须草生长和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,改良剂处理土壤生长的龙须草长势明显优于对照,地上部生物量均显著高于对照(P≤0.05),增产效果均>100%。4种改良剂缓解污染土壤中重金属对龙须草毒害作用的大小顺序为钙镁磷肥>碳酸钙>有机肥>海泡石。4种改良剂在不同处理浓度下对龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量的影响趋势表现出一定的相关性,其中随着碳酸钙处理浓度的增加,龙须草生物量和叶绿素含量呈下降趋势;其他3种改良剂随着处理浓度的升高,龙须草生物量呈上升趋势,而叶绿素含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control (Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostaliUsaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation (for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.     

铀胁迫对植物光合特性的影响及植物对铀的吸收转移

在铀污染土壤的二次修复中,采用7科12种植物,研究铀胁迫对植物光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的影响以及植物对铀的吸收、富集情况,为铀污染土壤的植物修复提供理论和方法依据。结果表明:(1)铀胁迫显著影响红圆叶苋、苍耳、美洲商陆、刺天茄和苘麻5种植物的光合效率,具体表现为叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加,初始荧光(F0)增加,光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)和最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmaxr)降低;而反枝苋、菊苣、鬼针草、向日葵和牛皮菜则对铀胁迫表现出较好的耐性。(2)酸模、鬼针草、苍耳和向日葵吸收富集铀的能力较强,在铀含量为485 mg/kg的二次修复土壤中生长3个月,体内积累的铀含量分别为363.57、91.87、75.80和65.42 mg/kg;而反枝苋、牛皮菜和美洲商陆吸收富集铀的能力较弱,体内的铀含量分别为16.20、15.11和12.36 mg/kg。(3)铀在植物体内的转移能力较差,器官间的铀富集能力一般表现为根叶茎果。综合比较而言,酸模、向日葵和鬼针草对铀的耐性较强、体内铀含量高,可作为铀污染土壤二次修复植物。     

Degradation of atrazine,metolachlor, and pendimethalin in pesticide‐contaminated soils: Effects of aged residues on soil respiration and plant survival

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of pesticide mixtures on degradation patterns of parent compounds as well as effects on soil microbial respiration. Bioavailability of residues to sensitive plant species was also determined. Soil for this study was obtained from a pesticide‐contaminated area within an agrochemical dealer site. Degradation patterns were not affected by the presence or absence of other herbicides in this study. Atrazine concentrations were significantly lower at 21 through 160 days aging time compared to day 0 concentrations. Metolachlor and pendimethalin concentrations were not significantly different over time and remained high throughout the study. Microbial respiration was suppressed in treated soils from day 21 to day 160. Soybean and canola were the most successful plant species in the germination and survival tests. Generally, with increased aging of pesticides in soil, germination time decreased. Survival time of plants increased over time for some treatments indicating possible decreased bioavailability of pesticide residues. In some cases, survival time decreased at the longer 160‐day aging period, possibly indicating a change in bioavailability, perhaps as the result of formation of more bioavailable and phytotoxic metabolites. No interactive effects were noted for mixtures of pesticides compared to individually applied pesticides in terms of degradation of the parent compound or on seed germination, plant survival, or microbial respiration.     

Cd、Pb复合污染下柠檬酸对龙葵修复效率及抗氧化酶的影响

植物修复土壤重金属被普遍认为是清洁、经济的生物修复方法。为了提高生物修复土壤重金属污染的效率,在室内盆栽实验中添加柠檬酸作为螯合剂促进龙葵对重金属的吸收,并研究其生理活性的变化。结果表明:当添加柠檬酸浓度为10 nmol/kg时,龙葵生物量显著提高(P<0.05),各部分生物量表现为:茎>叶>根;随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,龙葵对重金属Cd的吸收量显著(P<0.05)增加,在10 nmol时总吸收量最大,为229.85μg/g DW;龙葵对Cd、Pb的富集系数均在柠檬酸浓度为5 nmol/kg时达到最大;Pb吸收量随柠檬酸浓度增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势;添加柠檬酸促进了龙葵对Cd的吸收,增强了抗氧化酶活性,而对Pb的吸收效果不明显。