水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

太湖春季和秋季蓝藻光合作用活性研究

采用Phyto-PAM浮游植物分析仪测定太湖蓝藻光合作用活性的时空间分布.结果表明,太湖蓝藻光合活性具有显著的时空差异:春季蓝藻的最大光量子产量F_v/F_m (可变荧光和最大荧光之比)和实际光量子产量F_v'/F_m'分别在0.35~0.49和0.16~0.29之间,秋季蓝藻分别在 0.33~0.53和0.21~0.43之间,太湖秋季蓝藻的最大光合作用能力和实际光合作用能力大于春季蓝藻.春季和秋季蓝藻的非光化学淬灭NPQ(non-photochemical quenching)分别在0.012~0.17和0.035~0.26之间,秋季蓝藻的NPQ高于春季蓝藻,说明秋季蓝藻的自我保护能力高于春季蓝藻.快速光响应曲线(Rapid light curve, RLC)的特征参数表明春季蓝藻的光能利用效率、最大电子传递速率和光饱和强度点高于秋季蓝藻;从空间分布来看,蓝藻的最大光合作用能力、实际光合作用能力和光合作用效率在营养水平低和有水草分布的湖区相对较低,富营养化水平高的湖区则相对较高.因此,降低太湖营养盐浓度,恢复水生植物,能够抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,从而降低蓝藻水华强度.     

羧基化碳纳米管载铂催化剂对微生物燃料电池阴极氧还原性能的影响

阴极催化剂是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)性能的关键要素.为了考察不同羧基化方法改性的碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)负载Pt的催化氧还原效率,分别在80℃和95℃条件下对CNT进行了羧基化,采用浸渍-沉淀法制备了Pt/CNT催化剂(Pt/CNT-80和Pt/CNT-95),并在空气阴极MFC体系中验证了其催化氧还原效果(MFC-80、MFC-95和MFC-C).结果表明,MFC-95和MFC-80的最大功率密度分别为568.8 mW.m-2和412.8 mW.m-2,内阻分别为204.7Ω和207.7Ω,开路电压分别为0.719 V和0.651 V.而对照MFC-C的最大功率密度仅为5.4 mW.m-2,内阻为826.2Ω.XPS和XRD分析结果显示,Pt/CNT-95催化氧还原效果优于Pt/CNT-80,原因可能是95℃羧基化过程在CNT表面引入了丰富的含氧基团.     

Effect of sediment size on bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments of Izmir Inner Bay

The effect of sediment size on metals bioleaching from bay sediments was investigated by using fine (< 45 μm), medium (45-300 μm), and coarse (300-2000 μm) size fractions of a sediment sample contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Chemical speciation of the metals in bulk and size fractions of sediment were studied before and after bioleaching. Microbial activity was provided with mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bioleaching process was carried out in flask experiments for 48 days, by using 5% (W/V) of solid concentration in suspension. Bioleaching was found to be efficient for the removal of selected heavy metals from every size fraction of sediments, where the experiments with the smaller particles resulted in the highest solubilization ratios. At the end of the experimental period, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were solubilized to the ratios of 68%, 88%, 72%, and 91% from the fine sediment, respectively. Higher removal efficiencies can be explained by the larger surface area provided by the smaller particles. The changes in the chemical forms of metals were determined and most of the metal releases were observed from the reducible and organic fractions independent from grain size. Higher concentrations were monitored in the residual fraction after bioleaching period, suggesting they are trapped in this fraction, and cannot be solubilized under natural conditions.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

磁性多孔陶粒生物膜反应器处理焦化废水的试验研究

以磁性材料为原料,经过特定的工艺处理,对多孔陶瓷进行磁化改性获得磁性多孔载体,并将该载体应用于生物膜反应器中进行焦化废水处理试验。对不同类型的多孔陶粒载体进行对比试验,结果表明:磁性载体生物膜反应器对COD、NH3-N的去除率比普通活性污泥法高出25%³0%,比非载体生物膜反应器高出15%30%,比非载体生物膜反应器高出15%²0%左右。反应器的曝气量为1.5 L/h,曝气时间为10 h/d,温度为2520%左右。反应器的曝气量为1.5 L/h,曝气时间为10 h/d,温度为25³0℃。焦化废水经磁性载体生物膜反应器处理后,上清液中COD,NH3-N的去除率均在90%左右。出水浓度达到国家工业废水排放二级标准(GB18918-2002)。     

污泥减量化技术研究进展与发展趋势

污泥的处理与处置已成为国内外污水处理厂的沉重负担,污泥减量成为解决此问题的重要途径。针对污泥处理处置过程中的环境问题和经济效益,在隐性生长、代谢解偶联、微型动物捕食作用等方面阐述了在水处理方面污泥减量化技术的研究进展,综述了污泥减量技术的研究应用现状,同时探讨了各技术存在的问题及其重点发展方向。     

丛枝菌对转Bt基因棉根际土壤营养物质及酶活性的影响

转Bt基因抗虫棉已在全球范围内广泛种植,然而Bt棉根际分泌物是否会影响土壤理化性质及土壤功能尚缺乏深入研究。通过盆栽实验方法,设计不同的棉花品种与是否接种丛枝菌总共4个处理,以此研究Bt棉和接种丛枝菌根真菌对植物根际土壤营养物质含量以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果显示:丛枝菌可以使non-Bt棉和Bt棉根际土壤营养物质中的土壤有机质和土壤总氮含量显著增加,但是对根际土壤全磷却鲜有影响。转基因对于不同品种棉花根际土壤酶,丛枝菌均能有效增强其活性。由此表明,丛枝菌对Bt棉和non-Br棉根际土壤环境均具有改善作用。     

中国大气中重金属钒的排放特征

化石燃料原油和原煤的燃烧、含钒矿石的开采和冶炼是大气中重金属钒的主要来源。文章利用重金属钒的排放系数分析了中国1978-2010年人为过程释放到大气中重金属钒的总量和行业重金属钒的排放,预测了2020年和2030年中国大气中重金属钒的排放量。结果表明,自1978年以来,中国钒的排放量增加了4倍,中国2010年人类活动向大气排放的重金属钒总量达3.18万吨,约占世界总量的12%。原油燃烧释放到大气中的钒约占总量的85%,煤炭燃烧的排放量占10.5%,其中工业耗油向大气中释放重金属钒的比例从1980的71%下降到2008年的42%,总量从3 721 t增加至9 361 t;交通运输行业从10%上升到36%,总量从547 t增加至7 967 t;其它行业(农林牧渔水利业、批发零售业和住宿餐饮业、生活消费)基本维持在20%左右,总量从986 t增加至5 052 t。因此,应加强大气中钒的监测和管理,预防大气钒污染事件的发生。     

高效木薯渣分解复合菌群RXS的构建及其发酵特性研究

从富含腐烂纤维质的环境中取样,通过以木薯渣及滤纸为碳源的蛋白胨纤维素培养基不断地富集培养,构建了一组高效稳定的纤维质分解复合菌群.考察了该复合菌群对不同纤维质底物的分解性能及其在木薯渣水解过程中主要参数的变化.研究发现该复合菌群对滤纸、脱脂棉、微晶纤维素、麦秸秆和木薯渣等原料均能够进行有效的降解.在该复合菌群应用于木薯渣的水解过程中,监测发现纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶等关键酶的酶活力分别在第2～3 d达到最大值34.4、90.5和15.8U;经过10 d的发酵后,木薯渣中的纤维素、半纤维素及木质素分别降解了79.8%、85.9%和19.4%,且木薯渣的失重高达61.5%;此外,代谢产物主要是乙酸、丁酸、己酸和甘油;而溶解性COD、总糖和总挥发酸的变化表明第2 d时木薯渣的水解率最高.上述结果表明,该复合菌群能够有效地水解木薯燃料酒精生产过程中的废弃物木薯渣,并有望用于木薯渣高效沼气发酵的前处理中.