New hydroepidemiological models of indicator organisms and zoonotic pathogens in agricultural watersheds

Simple analytical models are derived to assess how a series of cattle animal farms affect the transport and fate of an indicator organism (Escherichia coli) and a zoonotic pathogen (Campylobacter) in a stream. Separate steady-state mass-balance models are developed and solved for the ultimate minimum and maximum concentrations for the two organisms. The E. coli model assumes that the organism is ubiquitous and abundant in the animals’ digestive tracts. In contrast, a simple dose-response model is employed to relate the Campylobacter prevalence to drinking water drawn from the stream. Because faecal indicators are commonly employed to assess the efficacy of best management practice (BMP) interventions, we also employ the models to assess how BMPs impact pathogen levels. The model provides predictions of (a) the relative removal efficacy for Campylobacter and (b) the prevalence of Campylobacter infection among farm animals after implementation of BMPs. Dimensionless numbers and simple graphs are developed to assess how prevalence is influenced by a number of factors including animal density and farm spacing. A significant outcome of this model development is that the numerous dimensional input and parameter variables are reduced to a group of just four dimensionless Campylobacter-related quantities, characterizing: animal density; in-stream attenuation; animal-to-animal transmission; and infection recovery. Calculations reveal that for some constellations of these four quantities there can be a greater-than-expected benefit in that the proportional reduction of stream Campylobacter concentrations post-BMP can substantially exceed the proportional reduction of concentrations of E. coli in that stream. In addition, a criterion for system sterility (i.e., the conditions required for the farm infection rate to decrease with downstream distance) is derived.     

利用细菌表面展示技术构建镉耐受性的重组根瘤菌

通过细菌表面展示功能基因InaXN、猴金属硫蛋白α亚基四聚体MT4α和两种启动子PnifH及Plac元件,分别构建两个重组质粒pTNIM和pBLIM.进一步通过三亲本杂交,将重组质粒分别导入费氏中华根瘤菌HN01,分别构建获得诱导表达型重组菌HN01(pTNIM)和组成表达型重组菌HN01(pBLIM).在培养条件下比较测定重组菌和出发菌对镉的吸附能力和耐受性,结果表明,组成表达型重组菌HN01(pBLIM)在上述两个方面的能力得到明显增强,对镉的吸附富集能力提高了2倍.研究还发现重组根瘤菌也具有很好的静态吸附效果.盆栽实验结果表明,接种诱导表达型重组菌HN01(pTNIM)的大豆根瘤和根中Cd2+的富集量均明显高于野生菌株HN01.本实验为后续探索重组根瘤菌与宿主植物共生体系在Cd2+污染土壤修复中的应用前景奠定了基础.     

拟南芥VTE1过量表达可以增加维生素E含量和提高烟草植株耐盐行

维生素E在动物细胞内具有抗氧化等重要作用，但在植物体内的功能却鲜为人知．本实验利用CaMV 35S启动子与来源于拟南芥的编码生育酚环化酶（TC）的cDNA（VTE1）构建的嵌合表达载体，以根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草W38．实验结果表明，具有卡那霉素抗性的再生植株经RT-PCR检测，得到了与阳性对照一致的495bp的目标片段；转基因植株的VE含量比对照植株高2倍左右，个别株系高达11倍．实验还发现，在耐盐性实验中转基因植株对盐的抗性明显高于野生型烟草；同时，在不同盐浓度（150、250mmoL／L）胁迫下转基因植株VE含量比未转化植株增加了1．3～1．8倍，首次证明VTE1与植物耐盐性之间的关系．     

Determination of Steroid Estrogens in Wastewater Treatment Plant of A Controceptives Producing Factory

Steroid estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) have been suspected to be the main contaminants, which can affect the endocrine system of animals. Many authors have investigated these chemicals in the domestic wastewater treatment plants (WTP). However, wastewater from industries producing steroid contraceptives has not got ample attention. From the environmental point of view, the four steroids are very significant because even very low concentrations (ng/L) can cause reproductive disturbances in human, livestock and wildlife. The main purpose of the present investigation was to develop an analytical method for the determination of the four steroid estrogens present in WTP of a pharmacy factory, mainly producing contraceptive medicine in Beijing, China. Analysis was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) system and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The average recoveries from effluent samples ranged from 88% to 103% and the precision of the method ranged from 9% to 4%. Based on 0.5-L wastewater samples, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was determined at 0.7 ng/L for E1, 0.8 for E2, 0.9 ng/L for E3, and 0.5 ng/L for EE2 in influent, and 1.0 ng/L for E2 and EE2, and 2.0 ng/L for E1 and E3 in effluent. In the influent samples, average concentrations of 80, 85, 73 and 155 ng/L were determined for E1, E2, E3 and EE2, respectively, showing that they were removed in this WTP to the extent of 79, 73, 85 and 67%, respectively.     

城镇污水二级处理和再生水三级处理过程的雌激素活性变化

环境雌激素污染与野生动物性别比例和繁殖密切相关,是人体生殖功能紊乱、发育异常、心血管疾病和癌症发生等的重要因素之一。针对污水处理厂排水造成的环境雌激素污染,采用重组酵母菌方法研究大连、沈阳、哈尔滨和天津的5个典型城市污水厂和再生水厂水处理过程中雌激素活性的变化规律,分析二级处理和再生水厂三级处理对环境雌激素的削减效率。4个采用活性污泥法和紫外消毒工艺的污水厂出水的雌激素当量(EEQ)为0.5～1.5 ng·L~(-1)。再生水厂三级处理工艺的出水雌激素活性低于检测限(0.02 ng·L~(-1))。分级组分测试结果显示,污水雌激素活性主要由强极性组分和弱极性组分引起,紫外消毒后强极性组分雌激素活性升高。4个城市污水处理厂一级处理和活性污泥处理对环境雌激素的削减率为46%～81%,紫外消毒的削减率为5.2%～22%。某再生水厂混凝、微滤和反渗透对环境雌激素的削减率分别为63%、16%和98%。研究表明,活性污泥法二级处理排水回用仍造成一定程度环境雌激素污染,三级处理工艺可有效提高环境雌激素污染物削减率。     

额济纳河水质污染特征

对额济纳河历年水质监测数据的分析表明 :额济纳河为四级中度污染水体 ,污染有加重趋势 ;主要污染因子是总硬度、悬浮物 ;流域内水土流失及风沙较多是造成污染的主要因素     

电子废弃物的污染及其回收利用对策

"电子废弃物"(E-waste或Waste from Electronics and Electronic Equipment),又称为"电子垃圾",电子电器产品在达到使用寿命后就报废成为了电子废弃物.随着信息产业的飞速发展和电子电器设备的广泛运用,电子废弃物成为世界上增长最快的垃圾.发达国家经济水平高,电子电器产业起步早,更早的面对了电子废弃物所带来的环境资源问题,为了使电子废弃物的回收和再利用取得良好的效果,必须结合中国国情,在国策、法律、制度、技术和管理等方面进行深入细致的研究,开发电子垃圾处理的新领域.结合国外废旧电子、电器产品回收处理政策及技术对中国废旧电子、电器产品回收处理提出了意见和建议.     

中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目监测方法的探讨

项目监测在中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目执行中起着非常重要的作用.总结多年监测经验,对造林类型,取样方法,评估的数量标准,面积的真实性和评估的质量标准等方面进行科学归纳,形成了一套科学实用的监测方法与监测体系,对提高监测效率和保证造林质量发挥了重要作用.     

Aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene: A host finding kairomone for the aphid primary parasitoidAphidius uzbekistanicus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)

Summary The present study aimed to test the possible function of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)--farnesene (EBF) as a host finding kairomone for aphid primary parasitoids. Extracts of volatile emissions of undisturbed aphids and of aphids under parasitoid attack were obtained by air entrainment. Extracts of cornicle secretions were gained by disturbing aphids and taking their secretions into solution. Extracts were compared by gas chromatography. Only air entrainments of aphids under attack and solvent extracts of cornicle secretions contained the alarm pheromone. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, femaleA. uzbekistanicus were attracted to aphid groups under attack of parasitoids, presumably by released EBF. High concentrations of synthetic EBF (1.4 µg to 5.7 µg) also attractedA. uzbekistanicus females. Females with oviposition experience reacted more readily to lower concentrations of EBF than females without experience. In experiments designed as Petri-dish bioassays, the test animals could contact filter paper discs that were treated with solutions containing EBF. Behavioural effects like antennation or stinging attack were not observed. With computer video analysis of parasitoid movements, some effects onA. uzbekistanicus behaviour were detected, again indicating attraction to EBF.As the volatile aphid alarm pheromone attractedA. uzbekistanicus females, it can be concluded that this chemical stimulus acts as a host finding kairomone for this parasitoid species. However, its effect over long distances seems to be limited due to the relatively high concentrations required for reactions. Of two other parasitoid species examined (P. volucre andL. testaceipes) onlyP. volucre was also significantly attracted to the volatile EBF in the Y-tube olfactometer.     

栀子中京尼平甙对CCl4急性小鼠肝损伤保护作用的生化机理研究

预先给小鼠灌胃不同剂量的京尼平甙后,以四氯化碳造模,通过测定小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天氡氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以及肝脏内GSH的含量并制作组织病理切片,研究了京尼平甙对四氯化碳肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,结果表明,京尼平甙能抑制四氯化碳肝中毒小鼠血清中ALT和AST的活性以及增加肝脏内GSH的含量.然后研究了京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内细胞色素P4502E1和细胞色素P4503A活性的影响以及肝脏内谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统的影响,表明京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内CYP4502E1具有明显的抑制作用,并能增强肝脏内谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)以及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性.以上3个酶与自由基形成以及清除有关.图1表3参16