可再生能源资源的系统评价方法及实例

可再生能源资源评价是可再生能源综合规划的前提,由于能源综合规划各环节之间是相互关联的,因此,能源资源评价不能独立于其它分析过程而单独进行。特别是对可再生能源资源来说,评价内容除了要考虑储量、开采量、生产率等进行一般能源评价所考虑的因素以外,更应注重可再生能源资源的开发技术及市场分析。由于目前对可再生能源的资源评价尚未形成比较系统的评价体系,因此,论文根据可再生能源资源的特性以及它与技术、市场之间的内在联系,从一般系统论的观点出发,对可再生能源资源的系统评价方法进行了研究。最后以秸秆资源为例,对以上选择的评价方法进行了实际应用。     

海洋环境中漂浮垃圾的监测方法

本文分析和比较了环境中漂浮塑料垃圾的监测方法。目测估计法多用于宏观分析大区域漂浮塑料垃圾的数量；拖网法主要用来估计塑料颗粒物质的分布和数量；单位面积海滩调查法多用于塑料垃圾的统计计算。     

石油类废水采样器分析

讨论了现有的石油类废水的采样器.用分液漏斗和普通玻璃漏斗组装成石油类污水采样器,用CY-2000多功能红外测油仪对模拟水样进行分析.结果表明水样中石油类平均值为11.00mg/L,显著性检验t值为1.473＜t0.05(6)=2.45,无显著性差别.说明设计的采样器更符合实际要求.     

Fibrinopeptide a increases after Chorionic villus sampling

Fibrinopeptide levels were measured in 20 women during transcervical chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Fibrinopeptide A, a sensitive indicator of fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin, significantly increased in five subjects, whereas there was no change in Bβ peptide, an indicator of fibrinolysis. The data suggest that modest fibrin formation, uncompensated by fibrinolysis, may be induced in some women by CVS.     

Environmentally stratified sampling design for the development of Great Lakes environmental indicators

Understanding the relationship between human disturbance and ecological response is essential to the process of indicator development. For large-scale observational studies, sites should be selected across gradients of anthropogenic stress, but such gradients are often unknown for a population of sites prior to site selection. Stress data available from public sources can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to partially characterize environmental conditions for large geographic areas without visiting the sites. We divided the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region into 762 units consisting of a shoreline reach and drainage-shed and then summarized over 200 environmental variables in seven categories for the units using a GIS. Redundancy within the categories of environmental variables was reduced using principal components analysis. Environmental strata were generated from cluster analysis using principal component scores as input. To protect against site selection bias, sites were selected in random order from clusters. The site selection process allowed us to exclude sites that were inaccessible and was shown to successfully distribute sites across the range of environmental variation in our GIS data. This design has broad applicability when the goal is to develop ecological indicators using observational data from large-scale surveys.     

A Comparison of Bacterial Indicators and Methods in Rural Surface Waters

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci as indicators of enteric pathogens in fresh waters; however, fecal coliform analyses will remain important by virtue of the large amount of historic data collected in prior years. In this study, we attempted, in a real-world situation (i.e., a rural inland watershed in the Piedmont of South Carolina) to compare different bacterial indicators and methods to one another. We compared fecal coliforms, enumerated by membrane filtration with E. coli, enumerated by a commercialized enzyme substrate method and observed E. coli/fecal coliform ratios of 1.63 and 1.2 for two separate tests. In the same watershed, we observed an E. coli/fecal coliform ratio of 0.84 when we used the commercialized enzyme substrate method for both enumerations. Given these results, users of such data should exercise care when they make comparisons between historic membrane filtration data and data acquired through the use of the more modern enzymatic methods. Some sampling and side-by-side testing between methods in a specific watershed may be prudent before any conversion factors between old and new datasets are applied.     

采样时间对ANDERSEN采样器采样效果的影响

在室内用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器进行了不同采样时间对采集空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度，粒数中值直径效果的研究，结果表明，在1－12min内，采集的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度随采样时间的增加而减少，呈明显的负相关关系，相关系数分别为－0．903和－0．688，P值均大于0．05，另外，在采样过程中，空气真菌比细菌耐受采样空气冲击力的能力强，采样时间对空气细菌和真菌粒子的粒度分布和粒数中值直径的影响不明显。     

Numerical integration of chemical ODE problems arising in air pollution models

The numerical treatment of a regional air pollution model (such models are, as a rule, described mathematically by systems of partial differential equations) leads to the solution of very large computational problems. The chemical submodel of an air pollution model is normally the most timeconsuming part of the computational work. The application of appropriate discretization and splitting procedures reduces the chemical submodel to a large number of relatively small ODE systems (one such system per gridpoint). In the process of searching for efficient numerical algorithms for the chemical submodels one can carry out experiments by using only one such ODE system in order to facilitate the work. This approach has been used in connection with a particular chemical scheme, the condensed CBM IV scheme, which is used in several large air pollution models. Six integration algorithms have been tested on a set of typical scenarios (consisting of different starting concentrations and/or of different values of the emissions). The advantages and the disadvantages of the algorithms tested are discussed. The final decision about the most efficient algorithm, among the algorithms tested, should be made after a second series of experiments. The coupling of the chemical process with the transport of air pollution (on, at least, a twodimensional domain) together with the application of highspeed computers has to be studied in the second series of experiments, which will be performed in a subsequent paper.     

大气二氧化硫采样对比试验

对大气二氧化硫连续自动采样过程中的导气管吸附，样品的放置时间，吸收液的放置时间，采样高度等方面进行了试验，结果表明，导气管的吸附是使二氧化硫的监测值较五日采样法明显偏低的主要因素，其余方面无显著影响。