Effect of biomass addition on the surface and adsorption characterization of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge

Sewage sludge with the additive corn cob was used as prescusor to prepare sludge-based carbon adsorbents by pyrolysis method. And then, the carbonizated products were activated with potassium hydroxide. The mixing ratio of the corn cob to sewage sludge was investigated. The surface area and pore size distribution, elemental composition, surface chemistry structure and the surface physical morphology were determined and compared. The results demonstrated that the addition of corn cob into the sewage sludge sample could effectively improve the surface area (from 287 to 591 m 2 /g) and the microporosity (from 5% to 48%) of the carbon based adsorbent, thus enhancing the adsorption behavior. The sulfur dioxide adsorption capacity was measured according to breakthrough test. It was found that the sulfur dioxide adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was obviously enhanced after the addition of the corn cob. It is presumed that not only highly porous adsorbents, but also a high metallic content of these materials are required to achieve good performances.     

Characterization of cake layer structure on the microfiltration membrane permeability by iron pre-coagulation

A cake layer is formed by coagulation aggregates under certain transmembrane pressure in the coagulation-microfiltration (MF) process. The characteristics of humic acid aggregates coagulated by different iron-based coagulants, such as charge, size, fractal dimension and compressibility, have an effect on the cake layer structure. At the optimum iron dose of 0.6 to 0.8 mmol/L for ferric chloride (FC) and polymer ferric sulfate (PFS) pre-coagulation, at the point of charge neutralization for near zero zeta potential, the aggregate particles produced possess the greatest size and highest fractal dimension, which contributes to the cake layer being most loose with high porosity and low compressibility. Thus the membrane filterability is better. At a low or high iron dose of FC and PFS, a high negative or positive zeta potential with high charge repulsion results in so many small aggregate particles and low fractal dimension that the cake layer is compact with low porosity and high compressibility. Therefore the membrane fouling is accelerated and MF permeability becomes worse. The variation of cake layer structure as measured by scanning electric microscopy corresponds with the fact that the smaller the coagulation flocs size and fractal dimension are, the lower the porosity and the tighter the cake layer conformation. This also explains the MF membrane flux variation visually and accurately.     

Matrix diffusion coefficients in volcanic rocks at the Nevada test site: influence of matrix porosity, matrix permeability, and fracture coating minerals

Diffusion cell experiments were conducted to measure nonsorbing solute matrix diffusion coefficients in forty-seven different volcanic rock matrix samples from eight different locations (with multiple depth intervals represented at several locations) at the Nevada Test Site. The solutes used in the experiments included bromide, iodide, pentafluorobenzoate (PFBA), and tritiated water ((3)HHO). The porosity and saturated permeability of most of the diffusion cell samples were measured to evaluate the correlation of these two variables with tracer matrix diffusion coefficients divided by the free-water diffusion coefficient (D(m)/D*). To investigate the influence of fracture coating minerals on matrix diffusion, ten of the diffusion cells represented paired samples from the same depth interval in which one sample contained a fracture surface with mineral coatings and the other sample consisted of only pure matrix. The log of (D(m)/D*) was found to be positively correlated with both the matrix porosity and the log of matrix permeability. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both parameters contributed significantly to the regression at the 95% confidence level. However, the log of the matrix diffusion coefficient was more highly-correlated with the log of matrix permeability than with matrix porosity, which suggests that matrix diffusion coefficients, like matrix permeabilities, have a greater dependence on the interconnectedness of matrix porosity than on the matrix porosity itself. The regression equation for the volcanic rocks was found to provide satisfactory predictions of log(D(m)/D*) for other types of rocks with similar ranges of matrix porosity and permeability as the volcanic rocks, but it did a poorer job predicting log(D(m)/D*) for rocks with lower porosities and/or permeabilities. The presence of mineral coatings on fracture walls did not appear to have a significant effect on matrix diffusion in the ten paired diffusion cell experiments.     

A Regional Assessment of Windbreak Habitat Suitability

The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Programwas initiated in 1989 by the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency to collect, analyze,and report quantitative, statistically unbiasedinformation about the state of the nation'senvironment on a regional basis. During a pilotprogram in Nebraska we measured a habitat suitabilityindex for a probability sample of 40 windbreaks andexpanded the results to estimate the potential valueof windbreaks as wildlife habitat in Nebraska. Theindex estimates the suitability of a windbreak ashabitat for wildlife including breeding birds, smallmammals, and deer. Index values range from zero toone, where a value of one indicates maximal habitatvalue. We estimated that 50% (±13% at 90%confidence) of windbreaks in Nebraska have a habitatsuitability index of 0.25 or less and that nowindbreaks have a suitability index greater than 0.6. Our results indicate that increasing the area ofindividual windbreaks is the most effective way toimprove their value as wildlife habitat. Monitoringwindbreak condition over time would alert wildlifemanagers to changes in the resource that might affectwildlife populations. Because our data were highlyvariable, the power to detect change in habitatcondition between two measurement periods was low. Amuch larger sample would be required to detect smallchanges in habitat condition. Variability may bereduced, and power increased, by carefully andconsistently constructing the sampling frame, keepingdata collection as simple as possible, appropriatelystratifying sample selection, and using a small numberof well-trained data collection teams. However, wesuggest adapting the index for use with aerialphotography in future efforts to evaluate windbreaksas wildlife habitat in extensive areas.     

苏北沿海防护林区域温度效应的研究

应用多元回归分析方法，研究了苏北沿海防护林的区域温度效应，初步结论是，防护林网冬季上午有增温效应，下午有降温作用，但不明显；夏季效应与冬季相反，且较强，效应强度与成熟付覆盖率及主导风向有关。     

采空区多孔介质空隙率与渗透特性三维空间动态分布模型*

为揭示采空区垮落后堆积体及上覆岩层空隙率与渗透率三维空间的动态分布规律，基于开采空间守恒理论，构建采空区的空隙率与渗透率三维空间动态分布模型。利用该模型，得出不同空间位置与不同开采结束时间下空隙率和渗透率分布图。结果表明:采空区垮落岩体的空隙率和渗透率在水平方向呈“凹”状分布，采空区两侧巷道附近空隙率和渗透率较大，中部较小；在垂直方向随着与底板距离的增大，空隙率和渗透率大幅度减小。该模型描述了采空区多孔介质空隙率与渗透特性三维空间分布随时间逐步压密实的过程，可为煤矿瓦斯预测与防治提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

露天堆场防风抑尘网临界孔隙率的数值模拟

应用Fluent6.3对防风抑尘网及料堆周围流场进行数值模拟,通过研究不同孔隙率抑尘网与料堆周围湍流特性及料堆表面剪切力分布规律,确定了临界孔隙率.结果显示:高孔隙率(0.3、0.4、0.6)流动状态与无网工况一致,来流风沿迎风面贴附向上,风速逐渐增大,堆顶达到最大;低孔隙率(0、0.2)流态与无网迥异,迎风面处于涡旋中,风速向下,孔隙率为0时涡旋中心高于堆顶3m,孔隙率为0.2时涡旋中心位于堆高2/3处.孔隙率30.3时,料堆各表面剪切力变化趋势一致,与无网工况来流风同向,最大剪切力出现在堆顶.孔隙率为0.2时,作为最大起尘量的迎风面,其表面剪切力随高度先增大后减小,最大剪切力处于堆高3/5处.孔隙率为0.25时,湍流结构和剪切力分布发生突变,迎风面为贴附和涡旋复合流动,表面剪切力最小.据此确定来流风速6m/s,运用该几何模型时,临界孔隙率为0.25.     

中孔活性炭对水溶液中Cr3+的吸附

采用模板法和氢氧化钾化学活化法制备出不同中孔率的中孔活性炭并用于水中Cr3+的静态吸附,探讨了中孔活性炭吸附Cr3+的影响因素.实验结果表明,当溶液pH为6.0、吸附温度为50℃、吸附时间为120min、活性炭加入量为2.0g/L以及活性炭中孔率为80.0％～90.0％时.中孔活性炭对溶液中Cr3+的去除率达到98.5％.分别采用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合活性炭对Cr3+吸附的等温线,发现Langmuir等温吸附模型对活性炭吸附Cr3+拟合程度更好.活性炭中孔率的增大有利于提高Cr3+的平衡吸附量,但同时还受到活性炭表面酸总量的影响.吸附Cr3+前、后活性炭的FTIR谱图表明,Cr3+与活性炭表面含氧官能团发生了离子交换反应.     

林火对土壤结构的影响

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局 2 0年内不同年数间隔的 10块火烧迹地土壤进行调查取样和室内实验分析 ,发现不同年限、不同强度的火烧迹地土壤结构变化情况如下 :低、中强度火烧对土壤密度和孔隙度的影响不大 ,对土壤分散系数有一定影响 ;高强度火烧对土壤密度、孔隙度和分散系数的影响显著。降雨能使火烧迹地的土壤密度和分散系数升高、孔隙度下降。连年火烧使土壤密度比未烧林地下降 ,而孔隙度和分散系数升高。由此可见 ,高强度火烧对土壤结构破坏严重 ,而低中强度火烧对土壤坚实度和孔隙状况影响不大 ,但对土壤的保水保肥能力有显著影响。     

粪便堆肥反应器载体性质变化及其对微生物影响

使用锯末作为堆肥反应器的微生物载体,研究了锯末载体性质的变化特性及其对微生物的影响。在历时90d的反应试验中,每日定时定量投加粪便,均匀混合,控制含水率和反应温度,对载体的总固体(TS)、灰分(Ash)、容重、孔隙度、木质素、纤维素以及好氧细菌和兼性细菌的数量进行了分析。实验结果表明,在每日定量投加1kg粪便(4~5人/d排泄量)的条件下,TS和Ash分别由最初的0.393g/g和0.024g/g增加到0.586g/g和0.138g/g。TS和Ash的增加导致载体容重的增加,容重由最初的0.052g/cm3增加到0.137g/cm3。相反,孔隙度由92.24%降低到89.42%。反应前后,载体的主要成分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的含量分别下降了9.5%、3.2%和0.86%。好氧细菌总数由109cfu/g下降至107cfu/g,而兼性菌数量由105cfu/g增加到108cfu/g。由此可知,孔隙度是保障载体通气性和微生物良好生长环境的重要条件,由于载体通气性能下降,好氧微生物生长条件不断恶化,这是反应器工作周期受到限制的主要原因。