不同离散格式下埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散数值研究

为了掌握埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散特性、防止因管道泄漏引起的火灾爆炸等事故发生,研究了埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散的机理。针对埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏扩散问题,运用多孔介质模型,结合三大守恒方程,构建了基于计算流体力学的数值模型,探讨了大小孔隙率特性下,对非线性对流项和压力梯度项分别采用4种不同离散格式组合方式时的天然气体积分数分布,并与试验进行对比分析。以泰州至戴南的埋地穿越段天然气管道泄漏进行实例研究。结果表明:大孔隙率特性下,一阶standard格式在精度和计算速度上要优于其他离散格式,与试验结果更加接近;小孔隙率特性下,二阶presto!格式相比其他几种压力离散方式具有更高的求解精度。     

宁夏盐池沙地农田防护林的防风阻沙效益

对宁夏盐池北部沙区典型农田防护林防风效能和阻沙效益的实地观测结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌木片林防护范围主要在林内和背风面距背风林缘0～3H(H表示树高)内,而背风面有效防护范围较小;沙柳(Salix psammophila)灌丛林带的迎风面和背风面风速均处于起沙风速(4.53 m·s-1)以上,对农田不能形成有效防护;榆树(Ulmus pumila)乔木林带残缺不全,严重影响防风效益.沙柳林带和榆树林带都是林带背风面大量积沙,未能有效地将风沙流中的来沙阻挡在农田以外;小叶锦鸡儿片林阻沙主要分布在林内,表明其能对农田形成有效防护.     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

极端干旱区咸水灌溉人工防护林土壤可溶性碳的垂直分布及其影响因素

可溶性碳（DC）是土壤中最活跃的碳组分,植被恢复与重建加速了干旱荒漠区的碳循环过程.研究咸水灌溉下沙漠人工防护林地土壤剖面DC的分布,可为干旱荒漠区人工林的管理和开发利用提供理论支撑和决策依据.本研究选取塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线5个不同矿化度咸水滴灌林地作为研究样地,流沙地为对照（CK）,分析并讨论了0~1 m剖面土壤可溶性有机碳（SDOC）和可溶性无机碳（SDIC）的垂直分布特征及其与各因子间的相关关系.结果表明,CK与2.82 g·L^-1矿化度滴灌处理SDOC、SDIC呈"I"型分布,其分布满足线性函数关系,其他各样地SDOC和SDIC均呈"Γ"型分布,分布满足幂函数关系;所有处理表层SDOC、SDIC波动能力及贡献度均高于下层土壤,且SDOC波动及贡献度均大于SDIC,2.82 g·L^-1之外的各林地SDOC平均含量是SDIC的2~4倍;2.82 g·L^-1样地SDOC平均含量低于CK,其他各样地SDOC是CK的3~5倍,各样地SDIC含量较CK增加了15.0%~57.9%;矿化度高于2.82 g·L^-1的样地0~5 cm土层SDOC含量随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,各样地SDIC含量随矿化度的升高呈先增加后下降低趋势,4.82 g·L^-1样地达到最大.SDOC和SDIC与灌溉水矿化度、EC、SOC、SIC及土壤含水量均呈正相关关系,其中与土壤含水量表现出弱正相关,SDOC和SDIC与土层深度呈负相关关系;SDOC和SDIC与pH分别呈微弱的负相关和微弱的正相关.总之,灌溉水矿化度对SDOC和SDIC的垂直分布具有重要影响,同时与土壤含水量、土层深度、EC、SOC和SIC等因素紧密相关,这对极端干旱区人工林建设及管护具有重要意义.     

燃煤烟气脱硫添加剂研究

基于对燃煤烟气脱硫机理的分析研究,综述了烟气脱硫添加剂的研究现状及最新进展。干法、半干法烟气脱硫添加剂的选择主要从比表面积和孔隙率、吸湿性、氧化性或传质阻力等方面考虑;湿法脱硫添加剂的选择则主要从减小气液相传质阻力等方面考虑。文章建议复合添加剂及工业废弃物是未来添加剂研究的方向。     

Solute transport in crystalline rocks at Äspö — II: Blind predictions, inverse modelling and lessons learnt from test STT1

Based on the results from detailed structural and petrological characterisation and on up-scaled laboratory values for sorption and diffusion, blind predictions were made for the STT1 dipole tracer test performed in the Swedish Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. The tracers used were nonsorbing, such as uranine and tritiated water, weakly sorbing ²²Na⁺, ⁸⁵Sr²⁺, ⁴⁷Ca²⁺and more strongly sorbing ⁸⁶Rb⁺, ¹³³Ba²⁺, ¹³⁷Cs⁺.Our model consists of two parts: (1) a flow part based on a 2D-streamtube formalism accounting for the natural background flow field and with an underlying homogeneous and isotropic transmissivity field and (2) a transport part in terms of the dual porosity medium approach which is linked to the flow part by the flow porosity.The calibration of the model was done using the data from one single uranine breakthrough (PDT3). The study clearly showed that matrix diffusion into a highly porous material, fault gouge, had to be included in our model evidenced by the characteristic shape of the breakthrough curve and in line with geological observations.After the disclosure of the measurements, it turned out that, in spite of the simplicity of our model, the prediction for the nonsorbing and weakly sorbing tracers was fairly good. The blind prediction for the more strongly sorbing tracers was in general less accurate. The reason for the good predictions is deemed to be the result of the choice of a model structure strongly based on geological observation. The breakthrough curves were inversely modelled to determine in situ values for the transport parameters and to draw consequences on the model structure applied. For good fits, only one additional fracture family in contact with cataclasite had to be taken into account, but no new transport mechanisms had to be invoked. The in situ values for the effective diffusion coefficient for fault gouge are a factor of 2–15 larger than the laboratory data. For cataclasite, both data sets have values comparable to laboratory data. The extracted K_d values for the weakly sorbing tracers are larger than Swedish laboratory data by a factor of 25–60, but agree within a factor of 3–5 for the more strongly sorbing nuclides. The reason for the inconsistency concerning K_ds is the use of fresh granite in the laboratory studies, whereas tracers in the field experiments interact only with fracture fault gouge and to a lesser extent with cataclasite both being mineralogically very different (e.g. clay-bearing) from the intact wall rock.     

绿地再生水灌溉土壤盐度累积及风险分析

和常规水源相比,再生水常含有较高的盐分,因而再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的风险引起学者的广泛关注.以再生水利用程度较高的北京市为研究区域,分层采集了不同再生水灌溉历史城区公园绿地与城郊农田表层土壤样品,测定并分析了土壤电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）等盐分相关指标,探讨再生水灌溉下土壤盐分的累积特征,分析了长期再生水灌溉下土壤盐分累积的风险.结果表明,再生水灌溉下城市绿地和农田土壤EC1：5值和SAR1：5值均显著高于其对照灌区,这种差异在农田中更加显著.公园与农田中再生水灌区土壤EC1：5值较对照灌区分别上升了12.4%和84.2%;土壤SAR1：5值上升幅度分别为64.5%和145.8%.调查区土壤0～10 cm与10～20 cm土层间EC1：5值和SAR1：5值差异不显著.长期再生水灌溉会使盐分累积在土壤表层,同时土壤孔隙度有轻微的减小.在北京地区再生水用于城市绿地灌溉引起表层土壤盐渍化的风险不容忽视.     

蚯蚓对毛细管渗滤沟生活污水处理效果的影响

采用添加蚯蚓的毛细管渗滤沟A和没有蚯蚓的毛细管渗滤沟B对生活污水处理进行对比实验研究,同时考察毛细管渗滤沟中蚯蚓的数量变化和添加蚯蚓对土壤结构的影响。实验结果表明：蚯蚓对毛细管渗滤沟处理有机物有促进作用,蚯蚓的加入可以改变土壤结构,提高土壤孔隙率,增加出水溶解氧。反过来,毛细管渗滤沟为蚯蚓生存、繁殖提供了适宜条件,在土...     

利用土壤切片和数字图像方法研究土壤孔隙的垂直空间变异性

利用土壤切片和数字图像方法研究了两种土壤类型的孔隙度在 mm尺度上的垂直空间变异性。结果表明,土壤孔隙度在 mm尺度上存在较为明显的变异;不同的土壤变异性存在一定的差异;变异性与土壤孔隙度呈反向关系,与土壤深度呈正向关系;在耕作期,变异性随时间呈现一定的波动趋势。     

Use of tracer tests to investigate changes in flow and transport properties due to bioclogging of porous media

Tracer tests were conducted in three laboratory columns to study changes in the hydraulic properties of a porous medium due to bioclogging. About 30 breakthrough curves (BTCs) for each column were obtained. The BTCs were analyzed using analytical equilibrium and dual-porosity models, and estimates of the hydrodynamic dispersion and mass transfer coefficients were obtained by curve fitting. The change in transport properties developed in three stages: an initial phase (I) with no significant changes in transport properties, phase II with growth of biomass near the inlet of the columns causing changes in dispersivity, and phase III with added growth of micro-colonies deeper in the columns causing mass transfer of solutes from the water phase to the biophase. Tracer transport changed from being uniform to more non-uniform with increase in mass transfer of the tracer between the mobile phase and the immobile biomass. An increase in the bulk dispersivity value of up to one order of magnitude was observed. Numerical simulations suggest that local dispersivity values may be as much as 40 times higher in the more severe clogged areas inside the column. The bulk hydraulic conductivities of the columns decreased by up to three orders of magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity parameters were almost recovered after disinfection of the columns. Different models relating the changes of the hydraulic conductivity to the changes in the mobile porosity due to bioclogging were reviewed, and the micro-colony relation of Thullner et al. [Thullner, M., Zeyer, J., Kinzelbach, W., 2002. Influence of microbial growth on hydraulic properties of pore networks, Transport in Porous Media, 49, 99-122.] was found to best describe the relation between the bulk hydraulic parameters.