过量无机氮造成的富营养化对孔石莼存在下海水无机碳体系的影响

通过室内模拟培养,研究了孔石莼存在下过量无机氮对水体无机碳体系变化的影响及其机制.结果表明,无机氮的添加均会导致水体DIC、HCO^-₃和P(CO₂)的减少,pH和CO^2-₃的增加.当NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别低于71 μmol·L^-1和49.7 μmol·L^-1时,随着营养盐浓度的增加,水体无机碳体系各组分的变化幅度增大,其中以NO₃-3和NH₄-3组变化最为明显,至实验结束DIC分别较空白组下降了151 μmol·L^-1和232 μmol·L^-1;当NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别高于355 μmol·L^-1和248.5 μmol·L^-1时,则随着浓度的增加无机碳各组分的变化幅度减小.对无机碳的减少与孔石莼的生长(Δm)做相关性分析发现,二者密切相关(R=-0.91, P<0.000 1,n=11),当营养盐浓度促进孔石莼的生长时,水体DIC浓度下降,孔石莼干重增加;反之,当营养盐过量时,则会对其产生毒性作用,抑制其对无机碳的吸收.NH⁺₄-N对海水无机碳体系的影响较NO^-₃-N明显.     

Evaluating the effects of granular and membrane filtrations on chlorine demand in drinking water

In this study, chlorine decay experiments were conducted for the raw water from Nakdong river that is treated by Chilseo Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) situated in Haman, Korea as well as the effluents from sand and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters of CWTP and fitted using a chlorine decay model. The model estimated the fast and slow reacting nitrogenous as well as organic/inorganic compounds that were present in the water. It was found that the chlorine demand due to fast and slow reacting (FRA and SRA) organic/inorganic substances was not reduced significantly by sand as well as GAC filters. However, the treated effluents from those filters contained FRA and SRA that are less reactive and had small reaction rate constants. For the effluents from microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration the chlorine demand due to FRA and SRA were further reduced but the reaction rate constants were larger compared to those of sand and GAC filter effluents. This has implications in the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). If DBPs are assumed to form due to the interactions between chlorine and SRA, then it is possible that the DBP formation potential in the effluents from membrane filtrations could be higher than that in the effluents from granular media filters.     

Chemical characteristics of PM2:5 during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou

The chemical characteristics (water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species) of PM2:5 in Guangzhou were measured during a typical haze episode. Most of the chemical species in PM2:5 showed significant di erence between normal and haze days. The highest contributors to PM2:5 were organic carbon (OC), nitrate, and sulfate in haze days and were OC, sulfate, and elemental carbon (EC) in normal days. The concentrations of secondary species such as, NO3??, SO4 2??, and NH4 + in haze days were 6.5, 3.9, and 5.3 times higher than those in normal days, respectively, while primary species (EC, Ca2+, K+) show similar increase from normal to haze days by a factor about 2.2–2.4. OC/EC ratio ranged from 2.8 to 6.2 with an average of 4.7 and the estimation on a minimum OC/EC ratio showed that SOC (secondary organic carbon) accounted more than 36.6% for the total organic carbon in haze days. The significantly increase in the secondary species (SOC, NO3??, SO4 2??, and NH4 +), especially in NO3??, caused the worst air quality in this region. Simultaneously, the result illustrated that the serious air pollution in haze episodes was strongly correlated with the meteorological conditions. During the sampling periods, air pollution and visibility had a good relationship with the air mass transport distance; the shorter air masses transport distance, the worse air quality and visibility in Guangzhou, indicating the strong domination of local sources contributing to haze formation. High concentration of the secondary aerosol in haze episodes was likely due to the higher oxidation rates of sulfur and nitrogen species.     

pH值对SBR生物反应器出水溶解态有机质含量与构成的影响

为探讨污水二级生化出水中有机物(EfOM)的构成特点和变化规律,采用配置生活污水,对不同pH值运行条件下, SBR生物反应器出水中的溶解态有机质(DOM)含量和构成进行了比较研究.结果表明,运行期间pH值的调节对SBR反应器出水DOM含量与构成的影响均较大.初始pH为6.5的SBR反应器, pH值降低为6.0后,出水DOC由原来的4.0mg·L-1不断升高,进一步提高pH值,能够起到一定的缓解作用;初始pH为8.0的SBR反应器,出水DOC从4.0mg·L-1快速降低并保持在2mg·L-1左右, pH值降低为6.5后, DOC变化不大.单宁酸和蛋白质、碳水化合物、DNA等微生物代谢产物(SMPs)是出水DOM的主要组成部分, pH值对SMPs生成的影响是一个长期的过程,运行过程中降低pH值,造成出水SMPs含量不断升高. pH值对整个循环过程中溶解态有机物降解情况的影响,在厌氧阶段发挥了主要作用,较高pH值有利于厌氧阶段有机物的降解,而好氧阶段的有机物降解受pH值影响不大.     

微囊藻毒素产生过程中磷素行为与作用研究

通过培养实验考察了微囊藻生长过程中磷素的吸收利用情况,研究了可溶解性正磷酸盐对产毒微囊藻生长状况及几种不同磷形态在不同浓度下对微囊毒素产率的影响.结果表明,可溶性反应磷浓度的增加可以促进微囊藻生长,磷浓度为0.55mg.L-1更适宜微囊藻生长,不超过0.55 mg.L-1的磷对微囊藻产毒有促进作用,无磷时产毒率最低,而...     

模拟珠江河网的污染物通量及外源输入对入河口通量的贡献

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水质模型,模拟计算了2000年珠江上游输入河网以及河网输入河口的碳质生化需氧量(CBOD)、氨氮(NH4)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO3)和无机磷(IP)等污染物通量,并结合数值实验,量化了外源输入(包括入河网污染物通量与河网污染负荷)对入河口污染物通量对河网区的贡献.研究结果表明,河网区的污染物通量由入河网通量与河网污染负荷共同控制,通量分配具有显著的空间差异;上游各水系中,以西江的通量最大,约占入河网通量的71%～81%;8个入海口门中,以虎门、磨刀门的通量最大,两者共承接超过一半的入河口通量.此外,数值实验表明,入河网通量与河网污染负荷对CBOD、氨氮的入河口通量均有显著贡献,而硝态氮与亚硝态氮、IP的入河口通量则主要来自入河网通量;磨刀门、虎门分别是入河网通量、河网污染负荷最主要的输出口门.基于模型,亦针对入河口CBOD、氨氮通量对河网污染负荷的响应关系进行了探讨.     

碱消解-HPLC同时测定土壤中的无机汞和甲基汞

建立了碱消解-高效液相色谱(HPLC)同时测定土壤中无机汞和甲基汞的分析方法。试验研究了KOH/甲醇提取液浓度、消解时间以及反萃取剂Na2S2O3浓度对碱消解过程中甲基汞提取率的影响,当KOH/甲醇提取液浓度为25%、消解时间为12 min、Na2S2O3浓度为0.01 mol/L时,KOH/甲醇溶液对土壤甲基汞的提取率最高。提取出的无机汞和甲基汞,经衍生后HPLC法测定,流动相最佳选择为0.01 mol/LTBABr和0.025 mol/L NaCl的水溶液:甲醇=45:55(v:v)。在优化检测条件下,土壤样品中无机汞和甲基汞的检出限分别为1 ng/g和10 ng/g。该方法样品前处理简单、线性范围宽、精密度高、准确性好,适用于土壤中汞化合物的形态分析。     

脱硫石膏中无机杂质对制备碳酸钙及其活性的影响

为了达到烟气脱硫石膏减量化处理,建立其资源化利用方法,在考虑到烟气脱硫石膏来源复杂性的基础上,分别考察了金属离子(如Mg2+,Fe3+)和非金属离子(如F-)对利用碳酸铵转化烟气脱硫石膏,制备碳酸钙粉末的影响。结果表明,F-,Mg2+,Fe3+等离子对脱硫石膏转化率有不同程度影响,但转化率均能达到70%以上,转化固体产物为较纯碳酸钙粉末。其中随着阳离子Mg2+,Fe3+含量增加,转化率下降;F-的水解作用以及络合物的生成将对转化率造成复杂影响,0.5 wt%为最优的含量。转化产物经其吸收活性测试,其活度比天然石灰石略低,到达脱硫剂基本要求,但需注意杂质离子的积累效应。碳酸铵转化烟气脱硫石膏方法可制备微细碳酸钙粉末,是一种循环利用烟气脱硫石膏的有效途径。     

河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)扰动对湖泊沉积物性质及磷迁移的影响

为探讨河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)扰动对湖泊沉积物性质及磷在沉积物-水界面迁移转化过程,以太湖西岸富营养化湖区大浦口为对象,开展室内培养实验,利用Rhizon间隙水采集器获取实时间隙水,测定溶解活性磷(soluble reactive phosphorus,SRP)在沉积物-水界面通量、分析沉积物基本性...     

多核无机高分子絮凝剂研究进展

多核无机高分子絮凝剂因其具有其他絮凝剂不具备的优点,近年来得到国内外广泛关注。综述了多核无机高分子絮凝剂的种类,分别阐述了不同种絮凝剂的特点、研究与应用概况,并对无机多核高分子絮凝剂的发展趋势做了分析和展望。