不同磷肥对水稻铅积累的影响及其机理

采用盆栽实验,研究外源添加过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)对于铅胁迫下水稻的生长、铅吸收和铅分布的影响.结果表明:在铅胁迫下,水稻根、茎叶、籽粒的生物量随着两种磷肥浓度的增大而增大,以施加DAP的水稻茎和叶生物量增幅最大,分别增加13.77%和44.17%.水稻体内铅大部分分布在细胞壁中,并随铅浓度的增加,两种磷肥提高了细胞壁对铅的固定能力,有效抑制了水稻对Pb的吸收,Pb在水稻体内的分布表现为根茎叶籽粒,其中SSP的效果大于DAP,施加SSP有效地降低了水稻籽粒Pb的含量.     

种间关系预测(ICE)模型在水质基准研究中的应用

水质基准研究主要是基于物种的实验室测试的毒性数据开展的。对于一些毒性数据相对缺乏的化学品,水质基准研究就会受到一定的影响。本文从水质基准研究方法的角度,阐述了种间关系预测(ICE)的基本原理和基本方法,系统介绍了ICE模型的毒性预测方法在水质基准研究中的应用,并通过锌的ICE案例研究证明了模型在中国的可利用性。同时,对ICE模型的不确定性和适用性进行了分析。最后,对ICE模型存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了探索和展望。     

NaCl胁迫下苋菜中镉的亚细胞分布及转运研究

中国大面积的农田土壤面临盐渍化和重金属的双重污染。探索盐分胁迫下作物可食部分的重金属累积特征将为保障农产品安全提供科学依据。本文主要从镉的亚细胞分布和离子选择性角度探讨盐分胁迫对苋菜（Amaranthus mangostanus L.）镉转运过程的影响。本试验采用水培苋菜的方式,添加不同质量浓度（0、2.5、5.0、7.5和10.0 g·L-1）NaCl和3.0μg·L-1Cd处理,测定台湾白苋菜（耐盐型）和尖叶青苋菜（敏感型）根、茎、叶中Cd和Ca的亚细胞质量分数变化。Cd的亚细胞组分质量分数由大到小顺序均为：细胞壁（FI）>细胞器（FII）>>细胞液（FIII）。NaCl胁迫下,苋菜根、茎、叶中细胞壁（FI）和细胞器（FII）Cd质量分数总体显著下降,下降幅度为16%~71%,胞液（FIII）Cd质量分数基本不变,这主要和Na的竞争吸附和吸收有关。同时耐盐型台湾白苋菜根细胞器,茎、叶细胞壁和细胞器Ca质量分数总体下降,下降范围为20%~70%。敏感型尖叶青苋菜根、茎细胞壁和细胞器组分Ca质量分数均显著下降,叶细胞壁Ca质量分数下降幅度高达80%,说明细胞壁和质膜的生理结构和组成可能发生了变化;另一方面,苋菜的运输选择性比例TSK. Na(根-茎)、TSCa. Na(根-茎)和TSMg. Na(根-茎)显著下降,下降幅度达50%以上,TSK. Na(茎-叶)、TSCa. Na(茎-叶)和TSMg.Na(茎-叶)相较对照急剧上升,上升幅度均在44%以上,表明苋菜根部K、Ca、Mg向茎转移的选择性减弱;而茎向叶转移的选择性增强。苋菜细胞组成和离子选择性的变化使根、茎中细胞壁和细胞器对Cd的截留能力变差,Cd向地上部转移的比例增大,Cd在苋菜的转运系数TF(根-茎)、TF(茎-叶)较对照处理呈现不同程度的上升。台湾白苋菜的TF(根-茎)大于尖叶青苋菜,而TF(茎-叶)小于尖叶青苋菜,表明敏感型苋菜茎细胞对Cd截留能力较强,而耐盐型苋菜根细胞对Cd的截留能力较强。     

流溪河水体有机氯农药的生态风险评价

通过检测流溪河水体18个采样点水样中的有机氯农药浓度,构建了淡水生物对有机氯农药的物种敏感性分布,并计算出各类水生生物的HC5(Hazardous Concentration for 5%the Species)值,预测了不同浓度有机氯农药对生物的潜在影响比例(Potential Affected Fraction,PAF),最后采用商值概率分布法对流溪河水体的有机氯农药进行了生态风险评价.结果表明:流溪河水体中的有机氯农药浓度在216.41~389.70 ng·L-1之间,平均值为293.02 ng·L-1;甲体六六六(α-BHC)的HC5值最高,而硫丹硫酸酯和p,p'-滴滴滴(p,p'-DDD)对全部物种的HC5值均低于0.10μg·L-1,对生态系统的影响较大;当污染物的浓度达到0.50μg·L-1时,除甲体六六六、七氯之外,其余9种有机氯农药对全部物种的PAF值均超过了5%的阈值;除硫丹Ⅱ外,其余10种有机氯农药均具有潜在的生态风险;在假定保护95%物种的情况下,硫丹硫酸酯的生态风险最高.     

砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与耐砷毒的关系

为了在研究砷超富集植物蜈蚣草中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与蜈蚣草耐砷毒的关系进行了试验研究.结果表明,蜈蚣草吸收的磷主要分布在胞质组分中(平均占各部位总磷含量的44%以上),吸收的钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中(平均占各部位总钙含量的48%以上).与低钙(0.03和2.5 mmol·L-1)处理相比,高钙(5.0 mmol·L-1)处理时,根部的胞质组分和叶柄的细胞器组分中磷含量较高.各器官的亚细胞组分中钙含量随着介质中添加钙浓度的提高而增加.介质钙浓度过高会抑制蜈蚣草的生长.在加砷处理下,根部和叶柄细胞壁组分的磷含量有所减少,但地上部细胞器组分的磷含量及其含磷总量占植株含磷总量的相对比例、根部细胞壁组分的钙含量增加.蜈蚣草自主调节磷和钙的亚细胞水平分布可能是其耐砷毒的机制之一.     

Application of the health risk assessment of acetochlor in the development of water quality criteria

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide in agricultural production. Studies have shown that acetochlor has obvious environmental hormone effects, and long-term exposure may pose a threat to human health. To quantify the hazards of acetochlor in drinking water, a health risk assessment of acetochlor was conducted in major cities of China based on the data of acetochlor residue concentrations in drinking water. The approach of the Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) method is used to extrapolate from animal testing data to reflect worst case human toxicity. Results show that hazard quotients related to acetochlor residues in drinking water for different age groups range from 1.94 × 10^?4 to 6.13 × 10^?4, so, there are no indication of human risk. Compared to the total estimated hazard quotient from oral intake of acetochlor, the chronic exposure imputed to acetochlor residues in drinking water in China accounts for 0.4%. This paper recommends 0.02 mg/L to be the maximum acetochlor residue concentration level in drinking water and source water criteria.     

Neighborhood effects in bird distributions,Navarre, Spain

This study examines the role of neighborhood effects in the spatial distributions of selected bird species in Navarre, Spain. We employed a geographic information system (GIS) to organize the data on bird distributions and relevant environmental variables and to analyze their spatial patterns. Three bird species were selected for analysis: the European honey-buzzard (Pernis apivorus), the Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), and the European pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). Selected environmental variables of the study area were digitized to create a comprehensive data base and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the significance of each variable in the spatial distribution. The spatial patterns of bird distributions were used to extract topological relationships and to identify neighborhood effects. Although all the selected species illustrate a pattern of positive spatial autocorrelation in their distributions, the significance of neighborhood effects varies from species to species. Among the selected species, neighborhood effects are most evident in the distribution of the European pied flycatcher and are significant for the Eurasian hobby. The distribution of the European honey-buzzard is not much affected by neighborhood effects. The results suggest that examination of neighborhood effects is a prerequisite for modeling bird distributions.     

NON-ZERO LOWER LIMIT IN LOW FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS?1

ABSTRACT: The implications of fitting distributions with non-zero lower limits to low flow data are examined. The 3-parameter Weibull distribution is fitted to annual minimum flow series from 60 long term stations in Canada. The relations between the estimated lower limit and three sampling variables (skewness, smallest, and largest observations) were investigated. The lower limit strongly depends on the sample skewness; it varies directly with the sample skewness, which in turn is highly influenced by the largest observation. For a given skewness, the value of the estimated lower limit is determined by the value of the smallest observation. Therefore, the lower limit cannot be accurately determined, and the resulting low flow estimates will be either too small or too high.     

A UNIFYING SET OF PROBABILITY TRANSFORMS FOR STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1

Abstract: An ordered set of probability sensity functions was derived form transforms of the normal distribution. Variate transforms are based on orders of exponentiation. The set of distributions includes the log-normal. a partial basis for use of these functins in hydrology is demonstrated by establishing some required properties. A concept of mixed samples of zero and nonzero elements forming nonseparable sets of virtual and real elements is introduced to establish a physical lower limit of sampled diata independent of functional bounds.     

Analysis of the Threshold and Expected Coverage Approaches to the Probabilistic Reserve Site Selection Problem

Two approaches to formulating the reserve site selection problem when species occurrence data is probabilistic were solved for terrestrial vertebrates in a small set of potential reserve sites in Oregon. The expected coverage approach, which maximizes the sum of the occurrence probabilities, yielded solutions that covered more species on average in Monte Carlo simulations than the threshold approach, which maximizes the number of species for which the occurrence probability exceeds some threshold.