重金属对淡水生物生态风险的物种敏感性分布评估

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(SSD)方法构建了6种常见重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Hg,Pb,Zn和Mn)对淡水生物的SSD曲线.在此基础上,计算了6种重金属对不同生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)及其不同暴露浓度对生物的潜在影响比例(PAF),比较了脊椎动物和无脊椎动物(包括鱼类,甲壳类等)对6种重金属的敏感性以及不同重金属的急性生态风险(简称生态风险),并且评价了3个典型水体中常见重金属的联合生态风险.结果表明,6种重金属元素的HC5值的大小顺序为Cu相似文献   

化学物质水体归趋与影响数据库(CAFE)，一种用于评估水环境中化学物质溢出水平的工具

化学物质水体归趋与影响 (简称CAFE)数据库是一个允许快速并无限制访问数据的集中式数据库。CAFE将现有的32 377种化学物质的归趋数据和4 498种化学物质的毒性效果数据整合至用户友好的工具中,以物种敏感度分布(SSD)的形式总结毒性数据,并提供了相关的1%和5%危害浓度(HC₁和HC₅)。为探究CAFE数据与报道的化学事故之间的联系,一项数据可用性评估显示,2000年至2014年间在美国国家应急中心呈报的55种化学物质中,32种物质的归趋和20种物质的毒性在CAFE中均有记录;2003年至2014年间由美国海洋及大气管理局呈报的205种化学物质中,86种物质的归趋和103种物质的毒性在CAFE中也均有记录。我们假设2种化学物质在环境中溢出(丙烯腈,溢出量为625桶 ;变性乙醇,溢出量为857桶),根据模型对其环境浓度进行模拟,进而说明CAFE在实际中的应用。在24 h时程的SSD中,大多数物种很可能分别在溢出后最初的35 min内和15 h内受到丙烯腈和变性酒精的影响。丙烯腈浓度在溢出后45 min已低于HC₅(17 mg?L^L-1),变性酒精浓度在溢出后60 h已低于HC₅(2 676 mg?L^L-1)。将100种化学物质以CAFE数据为基础得出的HC₅与发表的HC₅进行对比,我们发现超过一半的数值都在2倍差异以内,较少的一部分数值则超过了10倍差异。CAFE的发展提高了获取相关环境信息的能力,并可能应用于水体环境污染物溢出分析之外的更多领域。
精选自Adriana C. Bejarano, James K. Farr, Polly Jenne, Valerie Chu, Al Hielscher. The chemical aquatic fate and effects database (CAFE), a tool that supports assessments of chemical spills in aquatic environments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1576–1586, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3289
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3289/full
     

水环境中藻毒素生态风险的物种敏感性分布评价

藻毒素对人体的健康风险已受普遍关注,然而其对水生态物种敏感性分布的影响尚不明朗。本研究采集已有实验数据,利用种间相关性分析(ICE)模型和物种敏感性分布评估(SSDs)方法,筛选了64个水生生物物种的71组急性毒性数据(EC50),构建水生生物对肝毒素(节球藻毒素、柱孢藻毒素)和神经毒素(类毒素、贝毒素)的SSD方程。在此基础上,计算不同暴露浓度下的潜在影响比例(PAF)以及保护95%物种基础上藻毒素对水生生物的生态风险阈值(HC5),比较不同类别生物对藻毒素的敏感性以及藻毒素对水生生物的生态风险。结果表明:(1)在95%物种保护保证率下,节球藻毒素、柱孢藻毒素、类毒素和贝毒素对全部物种的HC5值分别为74.96、205.39、194.39、0.3μg·L~(-1),贝毒素水生态风险最高,柱孢藻毒素最低。(2)柱孢藻毒素、类毒素对无脊椎动物的HC5值分别为122.93、95.19μg·L~(-1),低于全部物种的HC5值,无脊椎动物受柱孢藻毒素、类毒素影响较其他物种大。(3)物种潜在影响比例可明确表征敏感性,柱孢藻毒素、类毒素在各浓度暴露情景下对无脊椎动物的PAF值均高于脊椎动物,显示无脊椎动物的敏感性较高。     

2000~2010年大鹏湾溶解有机氮的时空分布

依据2000~2010年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了大鹏湾中溶解有机氮(DON)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合现场盐度、5d生化需氧量(BOD5)、总溶解氮(TDN)和叶绿素a (Chl a)实测数据探讨DON的组成、来源和滞留时间(TDON).结果表明,大鹏湾的水动力条件对DON的分布变化影响不大.DON质量浓度为(0.15±0.08)mg/L,与大亚湾的相近,但比珠江口的低,而比南海北部沿岸的高.由二元混合质量平衡模式结合周边小河溪(向海排放淡水)中TDN的DON质量分数估算的大鹏湾中陆源DON质量分数约为19%,远小于海源的,暗示大鹏湾中的DON以自生来源为主.由平均不稳定DON(LDON):BOD5比率估算的LDON质量分数约为41%.由表层平均浮游植物DON (PDON):Chl a比率估算的PDON质量分数约为17%,而由此结合累计DON估算的大鹏湾中的TDON约为15d.11a研究期间,LDON的年际变化呈下降趋势,而DON和难降解DON (RDON)的年际变化略呈上升趋势,表明RDON在大鹏湾中逐渐缓慢积累.     

Size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and secondary formation at Mount Heng in South Central China

To understand the size-resolved aerosol ionic composition and the factors influencing secondary aerosol formation in the upper boundary layer in South Central China, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit irnpactor （MOUDI） in spring 2009 at the summit of Mount Heng （1269 m asl）, followed by subsequent laboratory analyses of 13 inorganic and organic water-soluble ions. During non- dust-storm periods, the average PM1.8 concentration was 41.8 μg·m^-3, contributing to 55% of the PM10. Sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium, the dominant ions in the fine particles, amounted to 46.8% of the PM1.8. Compared with Mount Tai in the North China Plain, the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles and the ions contained therein were substantially lower. When the air masses from Southeast Asia prevailed, intensive biomass burning there led to elevated concentrations of sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, potassium, and chloride in the fine particles at Mount Heng. The air masses originating from the north Gobi brought heavy dust storms that resulted in the remarkable production of sulfates, ammonium, methane sulfonic acid, and oxalates in the coarse particles. Generally, the sulfates were primarily produced in the form of （NH4）2SO4 in the droplet mode via heterogeneous aqueous reactions. Only approximately one-third of the nitrates were distributed in the fine mode, and high humidity facilitated the secondary formation of fine nitrates. The heterogeneous formation of coarse nitrates and ammonium on dry alkaline dust surfaces was found to be less efficient than that on the coarse particles during non-dust-storm periods.     

蠡湖水体悬浮物的时空变化及其影响因素

根据2012~2013年的现场调查资料和历史监测资料,分析了浅水湖泊蠡湖总悬浮物(TSS)的时空分布特征、组成、变化规律,并探讨了水体悬浮物的影响因素及其与氮、磷的关系.结果表明, ρ(TSS)的年内变化范围在1.00~78.00mg/L之间,平均值为17.35mg/L,空间上呈现东蠡湖大于西蠡湖,沿岸高于湖心区的分布趋势;季节变化表现为秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,且冬季显著低于其他季节;全湖水体中ρ(OSS)和ρ(ISS)所占ρ(TSS)的比例相当,分别为51.52%和48.48%,但组成比例空间差异较大,东蠡湖ρ(OSS)比例较大,而西蠡湖ρ(ISS)的比例较大.线性拟合表明, ρ(TSS)与ρ(PN)、ρ(TN)、ρ(PP)、ρ(TP)均具呈显著正相关(P<0.01).浮游藻类增殖、水生植物的残体以及底泥的再悬浮是影响水体ρ(TSS)的主要因素.     

粤桂琼区域水源地有机磷农药的生态风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱检测粤桂琼(广东、广西、海南三省区)区域水源地9个采样点水样中的有机磷农药浓度,构建了淡水生物对有机磷农药的物种敏感性分布,并计算出各类水生生物的HC₅(hazardous concentration for 5% the species)值;采用基于浓度加和模型的混合物风险商值法和商值概率分布法,评价了粤桂琼区域水源地中敌敌畏、内吸磷、阿特拉津、甲基对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷7种有机磷农药的的生态风险,同时利用聚类分析法对9个采样点进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明:粤桂琼区域水源地7种有机磷农药的总质量浓度在nd~1 260.95 ng/L之间,平均值为184.68 ng/L,主要以马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和乐果为主. 东莞东江南支流、玉林苏烟水库和柳州柳江水源地的生态风险级别相对较高. 敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷的HC₅值均低于0.1 μg/L,这3种物质对生态系统毒性效应较大. 根据风险商结果排序可知,粤桂琼区域水源地预防的重点为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷对水生生物的危害,其中甲基对硫磷是对混合风险商贡献最高的污染物,其危害指数达21.313;在95%的置信区间内,甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷的生态风险较大,风险商超过1的概率为5%,应作为最优先控制的污染物.      

不同水稻品种对镉积累的差异及其与镉亚细胞分布的关系

采用土培试验,以籽粒Cd低积累水稻品种(越冬稻和R1088)和籽粒Cd高积累水稻品种(IR34582和太粳558)为试验材料,研究成熟期水稻在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,Cd在水稻各组织中的积累差异及其与Cd亚细胞分布的关系,为培育Cd低积累水稻品种和水稻安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1) Cd胁迫下,约65%～83%的Cd积累于根系,低积累品种根系Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而地上部却相反;(2)高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的效率以及地上部各组织往籽粒转运Cd的效率均显著高于低积累品种;(3) Cd胁迫下,低积累品种根中细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)中Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中却相反;(4)低积累品种根和茎中F1中Cd分配比例均显著高于高积累品种,而F4中Cd分配比例却相反;在叶鞘和叶中,F1、F4中Cd分配比例在不同品种之间无显著差异。(5) Cd胁迫下,TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-糙米)均与F1中Cd分配比例成显著负相关关系,而与F4中Cd分配比例成显著正相关关系。综上,高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的能力强于低积累品种;低积累品种根和茎中细胞壁限制了Cd的迁移;而高积累品种根和茎中可溶部分在Cd从根部向上以及从茎向籽粒转运过程中起着重要作用。     

SPACE-TIME VALIDATION OF A THUNDERSTORM RAINFALL MODEL1

A probability model for predicting the occurrence and magnitude of thunderstorm rainfall developed in the southwestern United States was tested in the metropolitan Chicago area with reasonable success, especially for the moderate to the extreme runoff-producing events. The model requires the estimation of two parameters, the mean number of events per year and the conditional probability of rain given that an event has occurred. To tie in the data from more than one gage in an area, an event can be defined in several ways, such as the areal mean rainfall exceeding 0.50 inch and at least one gage receiving more than 1.0 inch. This type of definition allows both of the model parameters to be obtained from daily warm-season rainfall records. Regardless of the definition used a Poisson distribution adequately described the number of events per season. A negative binomial distribution was derived as representing the frequency density function for rainfall where several gages are employed in defining a storm. Chicago data fit both distributions very well at events with relatively high return periods. The results indicate the possibility of using the model on a regional basis where limited amount of data may be used to estimate parameters for extensive areas.     

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR FLOOD EVENTS UNDER A PEARSON 3 OR LOG PEARSON 3 DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: The Pearson type 3 (P3) and log Pearson type 3 (LP3) distributions are very frequently used in flood frequency analysis. Existing methods for constructing confidence intervals for quantiles (X_p) of these two distributions are very crude. Most of these methods are based on the idea of adjusting confidence intervals for quantiles Y_p of the normal distribution to obtain approximate confidence inervals for quantiles X_p of the P3/LP3 distribution. Since there is no theoretical reason why this “base” distribution, Y, should be taken to be normal, we search in the present study for the best possible base distribution for producing confidence intervals for P3/LP3 quantiles. We consider a group of base distributions such as the normal, log normal, Weibull, Gumbel, and exponential. We first assume that the skew coefficient, γ of X, to be known, and develop a method for adjusting confidence intervals for Y_p to produce approximate confidence intervals for X_p. We then compare this method (Method A) with another method (Method B) introduced by Stedinger. Simulation shows that the performance of each of these two methods depends on the base distribution Y that is being used, but as a whole, the normal distribution appears to be the best-fit distribution for producing confidence intervals for P3/LP3 quantiles when γ is assumed to be known. We then extend our method (Method A) to the more important case of unknown coefficient of skewness. It is shown that by taking Y to be Weibull, fairly accurate confidence intervals for P3/LP3 quantiles can be obtained for quite a wide range of sample sizes and coefficients of skewness commonly found in hydrology. The case of the P3 distribution with negative skewness needs further research.