济南市冬季一次典型重污染过程分析

为掌握济南市重污染天气发生规律,从而更好地为重污染天气预报预警和大气污染防治提供参考,采用空气质量监测数据、气象观测资料、雷达探测资料及轨迹模式模拟相结合的方法,对济南市2016年12月31日-2017年1月7日的持续性重污染过程,从污染演变过程、环流背景分析、气象要素特征和区域污染传输等多方面分析其形成原因及主要影响因素.结果表明:此次重污染过程期间首要污染物为颗粒物,ρ（PM₁₀）平均值为318 μg/m3,ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为200 μg/m3;地面风速在0.6~1.8 m/s范围内,风力均为1~2级,相对湿度为68%~95%,平均相对湿度为81%.在重污染过程中,从地面至800 m左右高度始终维持较强逆温层,逆温频次高达91.1%,污染边界层高度较低,大部分时间都在500 m以下.采用情景模拟分析方法计算得到,区域输送对济南市PM_2.5的贡献率为20%~35%.研究显示:此次重污染过程是在区域性污染背景下由本地不利的扩散条件造成的,静稳大气形势提供有利的环流背景,平流雾、辐射雾交替产生,持续性的高湿加重了污染程度;近地面的静风、高湿,垂直方向的双逆温层甚至多逆温层的结构是影响此次重污染过程的重要气象要素;区域性污染传输对此次重污染天气的发展有显著贡献,污染初期主要来自河北省中南部的输送,随着污染加重,有来自偏南、偏东方向的局地气团输送.      

Sequential bioconversion of used paper to sugars by cellulases from Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium funiculosum

Used paper, a potential resource of alternative energy, can be recycled but mostly it forms a significant component of solid waste. Used office paper, foolscap paper, filter paper and newspaper have been treated with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium funiculosum to bioconvert their cellulose component into sugars. Both non-pretreated and pretreated paper was incubated successively with the two cellulases during four consecutive incubation periods of 1 h each. The amount of sugars released during this sequential treatment was compared with the total sugar produced during a 4 h period of continuous incubation with each enzyme system independently. Pre-treatment milling of paper proved to effectively increase the sugar formation under all incubation conditions. Successive incubation with the two enzyme systems of both non-pretreated and pretreated paper materials was more efficient than the corresponding continuous bioconversion. The highest relative sugar yield was experienced during successive treatment of pretreated materials when T. reesei cellulase initiated the degradation. However, maximum bioconversion of pretreated newspaper was obtained when P. funiculosum initiated degradation. Pretreated foolscap paper was the most susceptible substrate with maximum bioconversion when exposed to both forms of successive cellulase treatment.     

可同化有机碳(AOC)产率系数测定优化及接种方法对比研究

在对测定可同化有机碳(AOC)所需接种液中荧光假单胞杆菌P17及螺旋菌NOX的浓度随培养时间变化规律进行研究的基础上,进一步研究了两种细菌培养后其浓度与标准乙酸碳(Ac-C)浓度之间的相关性.结果表明,当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,标准乙酸碳溶液的浓度与细菌浓度具有较好的线性关系;当Ac-C浓度75μg·L~(-1)时,两者的线性关系减弱;传统AOC检测方法选取[Ac-C]=100μg·L~(-1)作为产率对照在低浓度条件下是不准确的.本文在此基础上提出了产率系数的优化计算方法并确定其适用范围(AOC-P17:0～75μg·L~(-1);AOC-NOX:0～75μg·L~(-1)),该方法进一步提高了该范围内AOC测定结果的准确性.通过对AOC测定过程中3种接种方式的对比研究,发现分别接种法误差较大;同时接种法在平板计数阶段两种细菌菌落之间存在掩盖现象,结果不稳定;先后接种法测定结果较为准确,可较好地反映水中AOC的浓度.将优化后的产率系数测定方法应用于先后接种法并与传统测定方法进行对比,结果证明,优化后的测定方法准确度更高.     

Stepwise superposition approximation approach for analytical solutions with non-zero initial concentration using existing solutions of zero initial concentration in contaminate transport

Analytical solutions for contaminant transport are widely used for both theoretical and practical purposes. However, many existing solutions are obtained subject to an initial condition of zero concentration, which is often unrealistic in many practical cases. This article proposed a stepwise superposition approximation approach to solve the non-zero initial concentration problem for first-type and third-type boundary conditions by using the existing zero initial concentration solution. Theoretical examples showed that the approach was highly efficient if a proper superposition scheme with relative concentration increments was constructed. The key parameter that controlled the convergence speed was the time increment (Δt) multiplied by the rate constant ( ). The approach served also as an alternative way to make a convenient concentration calculation even if the non-zero initial concentration solution of a problem was known.     

重复污染下铬在淤泥中的行为表征

在实验室条件下，对铬在重复污染时的吸附解吸特征作了初步研究。结果表明：随吸附次数增加，其吸附量有减少趋势，但淤泥中总的吸附量增加，在浓度〉１０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１时，经三次吸附，体系ｐＨ有所下降，导致吸附量急增。淤泥中的吸附铬极不易解吸；而高吸附量的淤泥在二次解吸时有解吸现象发生，但数量极小。     

石油污染土壤中孤东原油及其馏分的微生物降解性能

分别以孤东油区石油污染土壤中的原油、柴油馏分(180～360℃)、蜡油馏分(360 ～ 500℃)为研究对象,采用BC-Ⅰ和BC-E 2种菌剂,对其进行微生物降解.研究表明,BC-Ⅰ和BC-E菌剂对石油污染土壤中石油烃的降解效果明显,BC-E菌剂对孤东油区石油污染土壤中石油烃的降解率达35.7％.2种菌剂对石油烃中轻馏分的降解效率均远远高于其对重馏分的降解效率.柴油馏分降解产物中鉴定出O1、O2、N1等多种分子类型,其中O2相对丰度远高于O1、N1类型,研究表明,该类化合物是脂肪酸,油样中脂肪酸存在明显的C16、C18优势,降解后低碳数脂肪酸相对丰度略有增加.蜡油(VGO)降解后以m/z=293(C19双环环烷酸)为中心正态分布,烷基咔唑中C5-咔唑丰度最高,苯并咔唑相对丰度很低.O2类化合物丰度很低,表明脂肪酸含量很低,DBE为4或5的O2类化合物明显占优势,对应3～4环环烷酸丰度较高.     

Response of successive three generations of cotton,bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner),fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO_2

The growth,development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner),fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2(double-ambient vs.ambient)in open-top chambers were examined.Significant decreases in protein,total amino acid,water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls.Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth,development and food utilization of H.armigera.Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H.armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower relative growth rate,efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.Significantly lower potential female fecundity,larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO_2.The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations.The results show that elevated CO_2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality,which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO_2 atmosphere.     

Catalytic decomposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

In this study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were decomposed by low‐temperature heat treatment with metallic catalyst, and with metallic catalyst and a hydrogen source. Of the catalysts used, iron (Fe) was the most active catalyst for the decomposition of PCBs, and the decomposition was due to dechlorination. The addition of hydrogen sources accelerated the decomposition of PCBs in the presence of catalyst. Surface analysis of the catalyst using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested that the emitted chlorine was presumed to form metal chloride. The reactions of each homolog can be expressed by a successive first‐order reaction model. This means that a substituted chlorine is successively detached during this reaction. The overall decomposition rate in this reaction system was controlled by that of the lower chlorinated homologs. The decomposition rates with Fe and NaBH₄ for the lower chlorinated homologs were about 10 times as fast as the rates with only Fe.     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

红霉素对连续3个世代多刺裸腹溞存活和生殖的影响

红霉素是一种常用的大环内酯类抗生素,其对多刺裸腹溞连续世代生活史参数的影响尚不得而知。本文以连续3个世代的多刺裸腹溞为对象,研究了不同浓度(0.02、0.2、2、20、200和2 000μg·L~(-1))的红霉素对其平均寿命、首次生殖年龄、生殖窝数、窝卵数和总后代数等的影响。结果表明,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞的平均寿命、首次生殖年龄、生殖窝数、窝卵数和总后代数的影响在多刺裸腹溞世代间均存在着明显的差异。与空白对照组相比,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞F0代平均寿命的影响表现出"低(0.02μg·L~(-1))促高(2~2 000μg·L~(-1))抑"的剂量-效应关系,暴露于20μg·L~(-1)红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的生殖窝数显著减小了55.76%,但暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F1和F2代的平均寿命和生殖窝数均未出现显著性差异;暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的首次生殖年龄也未出现显著性差异,但暴露于0.2、20~2 000μg·L~(-1)红霉素溶液中的F1代的首次生殖年龄显著减小了4.90%~15.69%,暴露于0.2~2 000μg·L~(-1)红霉素溶液中的F2代的首次生殖年龄显著减小了5.00%~16.00%;暴露于20和200μg·L~(-1)红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F1代的窝卵数分别显著增加了28.87%和10.18%,但暴露于各浓度红霉素溶液中的F0和F2代的窝卵数未出现显著性差异;暴露于2~200μg·L~(-1)的红霉素溶液中的多刺裸腹溞F0代的总后代数显著减少了43.99%~62.21%,而暴露于20和200μg·L~(-1)红霉素溶液中的F1代的总后代数分别增加28.56%和37.17%,红霉素浓度对多刺裸腹溞总后代数的显著性影响在F2代中消失。本研究结果表明,多刺裸腹溞对不同剂量红霉素多代暴露表现出适应性或耐受性。