大学生减灾教育对策研究

灾害风险认知能力是进行减灾教育的基础,受众获取灾害知识与信息的方式是影响减灾教育方法的重要因素,而受众获取灾害知识与信息的途径则会直接影响灾害内容的传递效率和效果。本文针对以上所关心的问题,为了建立合理有效的大学生减灾教育计划,应对大学生防灾减灾意识和能力不足的现状,通过问卷调查,分析和研究了来自不同生源地大学生的灾害风险认知水平、获取灾害知识和信息的方式与途径。从自然灾害风险认知的视角,通过寻找不同特性大学生群体获取减灾知识与信息的差异和趋同性,提出了现势条件下针对大学生的减灾教育对策。     

内循环活性炭生物流化床处理农药生产废水的试验研究

采用内循环活性炭生物流化床反应器处理某农药厂生产废水,通过试验研究了该反应器在室温条件下处理农药生产废水的性能.结果表明:当进水pH值控制在7.0～7.5、水力停留时间为6h、曝气量控制在使活性炭处于流化状态时,CODcr的去除率为50％,总氮的去除率为32.33％,同时可生化性明显提高,生物毒性有所降低.     

基于强度折减法的港珠澳大桥沉管隧道干坞工程高边坡稳定性分析

在列举和分析比较当前岩土工程领域边坡稳定性分析的各种主要方法的基础上,概述了强度折减法的基本原理、主要特点和优势,并以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道干坞大型临时工程拟建场地的岩质高边坡为实例,应用强度折减法基于FLAC3D软件对该边坡的稳定性进行了计算和分析,确定了边界条件和强度参数,计算了该边坡的安全系数,结果表明自然工况下边坡处于稳定状态,底部开挖以后边坡趋于欠稳定状态,同时指出了边坡的关键变形部位,可为后续的设计和施工提供参考。     

基于GH-B强度准则的节理岩质边坡稳定性分析

在岩质边坡工程数值模拟计算分析中,其难题之一就是如何较准确地确定岩体强度参数,而边坡岩体抗剪强度是影响计算分析成果的控制因素,也是支护设计成败的关键所在。采用GH-B强度准则对深水河大桥4号桥墩边坡进行了稳定性分析,同时与采用M-C强度准则的模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:GH-B强度准则采用基于应力水平的塑性流动法则,更好地体现了节理岩体的变形和破坏机理,可有效反映岩体的非线性破坏特征,更加接近于工程实际,适于节理岩体的强度计算及稳定性分析。     

一种新型电化学法处理硝态氮废水的初步研究

通过对Pd-Me双金属催化还原NO 3--N和折点氯化法处理NH 4+-N的相关理论分析,提出了一种基于电化学法的新型NO 3--N废水处理工艺.即利用具有电子空轨的常见金属元素修饰Ti基获得催化阴极,在电场的作用下,将NO 3--N催化还原;通过调整催化元素的配比和电解条件,控制NO 3--N还原产物主要为NH 4+-N;利用阳极氧化Cl-生成高氧化性物质HOCl,将NH 4+-N氧化为无害产物N2-N.结果表明,金属元素Co和Cu修饰Ti基制得阴极可以有效地催化还原模拟废水中的NO 3--N;按前驱物溶液金属元素摩尔比1∶1制得Ti基Co-Cu复合涂层催化阴极,可以将NO 3--N高效催化还原为NH 4+-N;电解体系中引入Cl-后,通过阳极作用可将NO 3--N还原生产的NH 4+-N有效地氧化为N2-N.在100 mg/L NO 3--N模拟废水中添加1 000 mg/L Cl-,设置极板间距6 mm、电流400 mA,电解2.5 h后出水NO 3--N、NO 2--N、NH 4+-N和TN分别为2.9、0.5、1.7和6.0 mg/L.     

久效磷对雄性孔雀鱼生殖毒性研究

采用静态亚急性毒性试验方法,用1.0 mg/L久效磷暴露孔雀鱼40 d,统计孔雀鱼的繁殖情况,同时每隔10 d取精巢进行组织切片观察,研究了久效磷对雄性孔雀鱼生殖的影响.结果表明,1.0 mg/L久效磷暴露的雌鱼繁殖次数、产仔鱼数量以及仔鱼存活数与对照组相比明显降低.雄鱼体色逐渐变浅,由鲜艳的橘红色转变为黯淡的橘黄色.精巢组织损伤主要表现为对精母细胞和谢尔托立氏细胞的影响,并且随暴露时间的延长精巢组织损伤逐渐加剧.精母细胞出现核膜溶解、染色质溢出现象; 基膜部分溶解、局部融合的精小囊数量增多; 部分小囊里的精子细胞发育出现不同步现象; 精巢的精小囊数量逐渐减少; 精巢出现多个空泡; 输精小管基膜溶解.谢尔托立氏细胞出现提前膨大并大量增生,局部解体的精子束数量增多,游离精子现象加剧.久效磷对精巢结构的损伤,抑制了精巢内的正常精子发生过程,降低了精子的密度和数量,导致孔雀鱼繁殖次数和仔鱼数量减少.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒效试验及影响因素

以水厂原水为试验水样,研究了二氧化氯对摇蚊不同龄期幼虫的毒性效果（24 h）,并考察了温度和接触时间对二氧化氯毒性效果的影响.结果表明,二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫具有极为显著的毒性作用,25℃时二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的24h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）为0 .41 mg/L.二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒力随幼虫龄期的增长而降低,1龄幼虫对二氧化氯最敏感,其中二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的LC₅₀是1龄幼虫的1 .78倍.二氧化氯的毒力在一定范围内符合正温度系数规律,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力在15～30℃范围内增加了2 .16倍.接触时间从12 h延长至24 h,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力增幅显著;当接触时间至36 h,与接触24 h相比毒力增幅不明显.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

基于非线性响应函数和蒙特卡洛模拟的滇池流域污染负荷削减情景分析

为定量了解滇池外海水质对流域污染负荷削减率的响应变化程度,并评估相关决策的潜在风险,在长期的水质模拟结果基础之上,本文使用内嵌非线性响应函数的蒙特卡罗模拟方法,在2个不确定性水平下（5%和10%的变异范围）分析滇池外海为达到3个水质目标情景（Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类）的污染负荷削减及其不确定性.模型结果表明,在2种不确定性水平...