江苏省水资源短缺风险的相似云评价方法研究

为有效的监测和评估水资源短缺风险的程度,实现水资源可持续开采和利用,提出水资源短缺风险的相似云综合评价模型。针对水资源短缺风险的影响因素同时具有模糊和随机性问题,建立基于熵权和相似云方法的综合评估模型。借鉴现有理论的基础上,综合考虑风险率、脆弱性、可恢复性等5个评价指标,采用熵权法确定各个指标的权重,利用正态云模型定量描述单指标条件下待评价城市水资源的短缺风险等级。给出一种新的计算正态云模型相似度方法——基于组合模糊贴近度的正态云相似度度量方法,通过比较待评价城市与风险等级之间的熵权正态云相似度值的大小,构建基于熵权相似云的水资源短缺风险评价模型。江苏省三大流域的实例表明,该方法简单可行,结果相对客观合理,能够克服现有方法的一些缺点。     

CdSe/ZnS量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

本研究以模式生物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为对象,观察在不同浓度Cd Se/Zn S量子点(Cd Se/Zn S QDs)暴露下,斑马鱼胚胎形态发育、氧化应激以及金属硫蛋白MT基因和应激蛋白Hsp70基因表达变化情况.结果表明,Cd Se/Zn S QDs对斑马鱼胚胎72 hpf(hours post fertilization)的半致畸效应浓度(EC50)为316.994 nmol·L-1.QDs暴露影响了斑马鱼胚胎的死亡率、畸形率、孵化率、自主运动频率和体长,以及引起胚胎卵凝集,心包囊肿,脊椎弯曲等多种毒性效应;同时导致斑马鱼体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化以及丙二醛(MDA)含量增加.QDs还诱导斑马鱼MT基因和Hsp70基因表达上调,斑马鱼机体产生一系列自我保护反应来减轻QDs所造成的伤害.这表明:Cd Se/Zn S QDs对斑马鱼胚胎产生了毒性效应,其毒性可能与其核心Cd2+的释放、粒径大小以及氧化应激有关.     

基于USEtox的焦化行业优先污染物筛选排序研究

针对焦化污染物的毒性影响,以山西省清徐市某焦化厂为研究对象,通过采样分析、文献调研,构建了焦化厂污染物排放清单,采用生命周期影响评价(LCIA)模型USEtox计算焦化污染物排放的人体及生态毒性影响,对结果进行排序筛选,分析并识别了焦化行业优先污染物、污染优先控制工段以及焦化厂选址对毒性排放的影响,为区域人体健康及生态环境保护提供了科学依据.结果表明,焦化行业排放的人体毒性优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、锌等,生态毒性优先污染物为芘、蒽等;在装煤、焦炉烟囱、推焦和熄焦这4个工段的排放中,有机毒性排放集中于装煤工段,优先污染物为苯并[a]芘、苯、萘、二苯[a,h]蒽等,金属毒性排放集中于熄焦工段,优先污染物为锌、砷、锑、汞等;焦化污染物毒性受排放地区的影响,厂区从城市迁至农村的过程可以大幅降低有机物的毒性影响,但是对于金属毒性的降低并无积极作用,并且会增加农村土壤和水体受重金属污染的风险.     

氧化铜纳米颗粒对水稻幼苗根系代谢毒性的研究

为阐明氧化铜纳米颗粒(CuO NPs)暴露对植物生长的影响,分别用CuO NPs悬浮液、氧化铜大颗粒(CuO BPs)悬浮液和硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O)溶液进行处理,以蒸馏水(d H2O)作为对照,水培水稻幼苗,研究了CuO NPs对水稻幼苗根系相关生理生化行为的影响.结果表明,不同处理对水稻幼苗根系的影响有很大差异,经CuO NPs悬浮液处理后,水稻幼根受损较严重,根系活力明显降低,根内丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显增强.不同处理对水稻幼苗根的影响依次为:CuO NPs>CuSO4·5H2O>CuO BPs>d H2O.说明氧化铜纳米颗粒对水稻根的毒害作用不仅是由于释放离子引起的,纳米颗粒本身也起着重要作用,氧化损伤可能是CuO NPs的主要致毒机制之一.     

淡水沉积物中重金属对底栖生物毒性及其生物有效性研究

以淡水单孔蚓(Monopylephorous limosus)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)为受试生物,以生长抑制率、死亡率、自断率为测试终点,研究了沉积物中5种重金属(Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn)对底栖生物的毒性效应,探讨了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(Acid Volatile Sulfide,AVS)和同时提取金属(Simultaneously Extracted Metals,SEM)与生物毒性之间的关系.结果表明:5种金属加标沉积物对淡水单孔蚓和伸展摇蚊的毒性顺序分别是Cd(LC50281 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50646 mg·kg-1)Cu(LC50830 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC501040 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501320 mg·kg-1);Cd(LC5026.3 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC50248 mg·kg-1)≈Cu(LC50256 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50343 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501400 mg·kg-1).当SEM/AVS1时,除Cd外其他4种金属对淡水单孔蚓、伸展摇蚊幼虫均表现出较为明显的毒性效应,而且Pb、Ni、Zn对两种生物的毒性效应与SEM/AVS值之间表现出良好的一致性,说明SEM/AVS可以较好的反映沉积物中重金属的生物有效性.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

不同剂型高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞的毒性效应

为明确剂型对农药制剂毒性的影响,参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的方法,测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型4种制剂对大型溞的急性毒性,并对其体长、摄食等亚急性毒性指标进行了比较.结果表明,加工成不同剂型均会提高药剂的毒性,高效氯氟氰菊酯原药对大型溞的48 h-EC50为2.50×10-3mg·L-1,乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型的4种制剂的48 h-EC50分别为8.04×10-4、6.25×10-4、1.56×10-3、1.65×10-3mg·L-1,且毒性随暴露时间延长而明显增加.亚急性毒性试验结果显示,当浓度为1.00×10-4mg·L-1时,3种剂型的4种制剂均会对体长、摄食等亚急性指标产生影响,且不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞体长的影响强弱顺序为:脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂乳油聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂,对摄食的影响为:乳油脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂.     

Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4- ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.     

T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos

T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization （hpf） stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 Ixmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tall areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione （GSH）. T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.