酸铝胁迫下常绿杨根冠超微结构变化

中国的亚热带地区气候温暖湿润、雨量充沛,是中国速生丰产林基地,森林土壤多呈偏酸性和酸性,为富铝化酸性土壤,容易造成植物铝毒害。A-61/186（Populus×enramericana cv.）是澳大利亚 L．D．Pryor 博士选育的半常绿杨树无性系（semi-evergreen poplar clone）,母本为美国南方种的落叶型美洲黑杨（Populus deltoids Marsh）,父本为原产智利的常绿品种欧洲杨智利变种（Populus nigra cv.Chile）,是中国林科院郑世锴研究员于1987年从巴基斯坦引入中国的3个常绿杨品系之一,适合热带亚热带种植。以常绿杨A-61/186（Populus×euramericana cv.）根冠细胞为材料,采用水培酸铝胁迫实验,在胁迫30 d、60 d和90 d时在透射电子显微镜下进行根冠细胞超微结构的观察及拍片,研究在酸铝胁迫下浓度和作用时间对其超微结构的影响,探究铝毒条件下杨树根冠细胞的超微结构变化,并为根冠细胞铝毒亚显微水平评价提供资料。结果表明,随着铝浓度的升高,根冠细胞壁溶解断裂;细胞基质由凝胶态向分散碎块转变;淀粉粒数量有减少的趋向,淀粉质体数量有增加的趋向,而淀粉粒堆重心偏向由明显到不明显的趋向。随着铝作用时间的延长,根冠细胞在60 d浓度0.370 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒急剧减少;在90 d浓度0.666 mmol·L^-1淀粉粒质体急剧减少;淀粉粒堆或淀粉质体堆无重心偏向。     

mCry1Ac基因在抗虫转基因玉米Bt799中的表达特征

采用双抗夹心酶联免疫法(ELISA)定量检测转mCry1 Ac基因抗虫玉米Bt799在不同生育期不同植株部位的mCry1Ac蛋白含量。结果显示:mCry1 Ac基因在整个生育期玉米叶、茎、根和种子中均能表达,mCry1Ac蛋白含量为(0.82±0.10)~(15.83±1.77)μg·g-1;随着生育期和植株部位的不同,mCry1Ac蛋白含量呈现明显的时空动态变化,其中,叶、茎和根中mCry1Ac蛋白含量随转基因玉米生育期的推移均呈增加趋势,并均在完熟期达最高;在除苗期外的其他各生育期叶中mCry1Ac蛋白含量均显著高于其他植株部位,而在完熟期种子中mCry1Ac蛋白含量在各植株部位中最低,为(2.86±1.71)μg·g-1。     

臭氧污染、氮沉降和干旱胁迫交互作用对杨树叶和细根非结构性碳水化合物的影响

快速城市化和工业化进程,导致植物生长季常暴露于高浓度地表臭氧（O₃）、干旱和氮（N）沉降的环境中.为探究植物非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）及其组分（可溶性糖和淀粉）对多重环境因子胁迫的响应格局,本实验设置2个O₃处理（对照,以过滤空气计;增加O₃,未过滤空气+40 nmol·mol^-1 O₃）、2个水分处理（充分灌溉;干旱,60%灌溉）和2个N添加处理［不加氮;加氮,50 kg·（hm²·a）^-1尿素］,研究三因子交互作用对杨树叶片和细根NSC及其组分的影响.结果表明,O₃胁迫显著增加杨树叶片可溶性糖和细根淀粉含量,降低叶片淀粉和总NSC含量.干旱胁迫显著降低叶片淀粉和总NSC含量,增加细根可溶性糖和总NSC含量.氮添加对叶和细根NSC及其组分无显著影响.叶片和细根NSC及其组分与光合速率、生物量存在显著正相关关系.随着胁迫因子数量的增加,叶片NSC呈现下降趋势,而细根NSC呈现上升趋势.本研究发现环境胁迫可促使植物叶片中的淀粉转化为可溶性糖,并将叶片中的NSC转移到根部储藏,这可能是植物抵御胁迫环境的一种应对策略.     

Putting Precaution to Debate – about the Precautionary Principle and Participatory Technology Assessment

Technology assessment (TA) as aninstitution was introduced nearly thirty yearsago as an instrument to render possible themaking of responsible decisions concerning newtechnological options. Another recentdevelopment however has been the introductionof participatory technology assessment (pTA),mainly connected to the growing insight thatthe evaluation of technological options withrespect to their risks and benefits, is not –only – a scientific question. This paper willfocus on the questions, to what degree theideas of technology assessment and thePrecautionary Principle are connected and how.Without naming it explicitly, the PrecautionaryPrinciple is put to debate in the``TA-arrangement on the cultivation oftransgenic herbicide resistant crops,'organized by the Science Centre, Berlin. Fromthe perspective of ethical clarification, someunique features concerning theconceptualization of the discoursive procedureand reconstruction of the argumentation processin order to come to results have to beanalyzed. Finally the performance and resultsof the pTA-arrangement are reflected in thelight of the Precautionary Principle andconclusions are drawn.     

人工林与其紧邻农田中野生植物与土壤线虫群落特征对比

我国北方农耕区休耕地种植杨树现象较为普遍,但是人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的保护作用却鲜有关注.在山东省宁津县选取3块样地,均为休耕地种植杨树林且紧邻小麦玉米轮作田,对比人工林下、田埂及农田内的草本植物群落特征、土壤线虫群落特征及土壤化学性质,以探究人工林对农业生态系统中生物多样性的作用.结果表明:①植物样方总物种数和样方平均物种数均呈现农田 < 距田埂30 m人工林下 < 距田埂10 m人工林下 < 田埂 < 距田埂20 m人工林下 < 距田埂5 m人工林下的变化规律,其中,距田埂5 m人工林下植物样方总物种数为21种,农田内11种.人工林下草本植物群落多样性指数、丰富度指数均显著高于农田内杂草植物群落相应指数（P < 0.05）.②农田、田埂及距田埂5 m的人工林下的土壤线虫组成存在差异,农田和人工林下土壤线虫优势属为头叶属（Cephalobus）,而田埂中为真头叶属（Eucephalobus）.土壤线虫群落多样性指数、成熟指数、植物寄生线虫成熟指数及线虫通路比在人工林下、田埂和农田之间差异均不显著（P≥0.05）,土壤线虫均为耐环境压力类群.③人工林下与农田土壤中总氮（TN）、总碳（TC）含量差异不显著（P≥0.05）,而田埂和人工林下土壤碳氮比（C/N）显著高于农田内（P < 0.01）,表明林下和田埂土壤中有机物分解矿化速度低于农田内.土壤TN含量、TC含量、C/N和pH均与植物群落具有显著关联,而对土壤线虫群落均无显著影响.研究显示,在我国北方休耕地种植杨树林,对于农业生态系统中草本植物多样性保护具有积极作用,但是难以在几年内有效地改善土壤质量.      

土壤重金属污染的植物修复中转基因技术的应用

重金属污染的植物修复技术以其费用低廉、不污染环境等优点一度成为环境科学界研究的热点。为了克服植物修复技术中超积累植物生长缓慢和地上部生物量小等带来的限制，近年来研究者通过大量试验研究发展，外源基因在植物体内的高效表达可以提高植物吸收、运输、降解污染物的能力和修复的效率。本文首先对目前国内外重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究动态进行综述，重点论述了PCs、MTs、MerA、MerB、ArsC、γ-ECS等转基因在土壤重金属污染植物修复中的应用，最后指出在充分考虑到转基因植物给生态环境带来潜在威胁的前提下，转基因技术的研究与开发不仅可以促进多学科的交叉研究和丰富环境科学的研究领域，更重要的是在很大程度上有效地克服了目前土壤重金属污染植物修复中存在并急需解决的棘手问题，为土壤重金属污染的植物修复提供了更加广阔的应用和发展前景。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响

设置非转基因抗虫棉棉田以及分别种植7和10 a转Bt基因抗虫棉的棉田3个处理,于2007--2008年棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期采样测定了土壤中5个微生物种类的数量,以监测长期种植转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响.结果表明,3种类型棉田土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量以及微生物多样性指数在整个棉花生长期内变化趋势基本一致,其中,在棉花蕾期各种微生物数量达到高峰.与种植非转基因抗虫棉相比,不同种植年限转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量和微生物多样性指数都无显著影响,但随着采样时间的不同,3种类型棉田土壤各类微生物数量和多样性指数都呈明显季节变化.     

``Würde der Kreatur' and the Common Morality

If respect for the dignity ofnon-human creatures is to be an element of publicpolicy it needs, as a first step, to be assimilatedinto the common morality. It is suggested that suchrespect may be based on several philosophicalpremises. Limiting the discussion to sentient animals,the paper reviews three of these: the concept ofanimal telos; the application of Rawlsiancontractarianism to the case of non-human animals asmoral patients; and human attitudes to animals in thelight of virtue theory. Consideration is then given tothe extent to which, by accommodating respect for thedignity of animals within the common morality, theseprinciples might find more substantive expression inpublic policy.     

转基因毛白杨外源基因转移的环境风险分析

以8年生转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株为实验材料,分离其体内、体外、根际土壤、蛀干桑天牛(Apripona germari Hope)排泄物中可培养的细菌和真菌,利用特异引物对获得的微生物进行转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株外源基因PCR检测.实验发现,381株次细菌中有6株PCR检测阳性;307株次真菌中有4株PCR检测阳性.     

Risk assessment of conventional crop plants in analogy to transgenic plants

The risk assessment of genetically-modified plants pursuant to Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC assumes that it is possible to infer the environmental impacts of a crop plant from its characteristics, so most of Annex II should also be applicable to conventional plants. To test this, we surveyed reports on the ecological impacts of the cultivation of non-transgenic crop plants with novel or improved traits and, in three cases, investigated whether Annex II B would have been adequate to indicate the effects. Such an assessment appears to be feasible only if the time frame on which it is based is short, so that long-term effects cannot be assessed. Secondly, the plant must be genetically homogenous which is not always granted, e.g. with forest-trees. Thirdly, the cultivation area must be defined. Differences in the behaviour of foreign plants between their original and cultivation habitats may be ecologically relevant and should be assessed. In the (few) cases where direct inference of the observed effects was possible from inherent traits, these effects often correlated with poor adaptation to local environmental conditions. The ecological impacts of traits that had been introduced in order to overcome poor adaptation may differ widely according to the way in which the traits are exploited. In practice, the effects of agricultural measures are more important than the effects of gene transfer and invasiveness, although the latter currently play a major role in risk assessment. In the light of these deliberations, a modification of Annex II B of EU Directive 94/15/EC is suggested.