铜藻基生物炭的水热制备及性能表征

以浙江优势大型海藻之一的铜藻为原料,采用水热炭化法制备了生物炭.同时,通过正交法,以碳回收率和得率为指标,考察了反应时间、反应温度及铜藻与去离子水质量比等因素的影响,确定制备水热炭的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,制备铜藻基水热炭的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间2 h,反应温度180℃,铜藻与去离子水质量比1/4,在此条件下,水热炭的碳回收率为65.0%,得率为51.4%.元素分析、BET、接触角测定和傅里叶红外表征结果表明,铜藻基水热炭比表面积为26.6 m2·g-1,pH值为4.8,具有较高的O/C和较低的C/N,与干法裂解炭相比,其亲水性更强,且表面具有更为丰富的含氧、含氮官能团,灰分含量更低,得率和碳回收率分别提高了53.4%和33.5%.     

Catalytic combustion of soot over ceria-zinc mixed oxides catalysts supported onto cordierite

Modified substrates as outer heterogeneous catalysts was employed to reduce the soot generated from incomplete combustion of diesel or diesel/biodiesel blends, a process that harms the environment and public health. The unique storage properties of ceria(CeO2) makes it one of the most efficient catalysts available to date. Here, we proposed that ceria-based catalysts can lower the temperature at which soot combustion occurs; more specifically, from 610℃ to values included in the diesel exhausts operation range(300–450℃). The sol-gel method was used to synthesize mixed oxide-based catalysts(CeO2:ZnO); the resulting catalysts were deposited onto cordierite substrates. In addition, the morphological and structural properties of the material were evaluated by XRD, BET, TPR-H2, and SEM. Thermogravimetric(TG/DTA) analysis revealed that the presence of the catalyst decreased the soot combustion temperature by 200℃ on average, indicating that the oxygen species arise at low temperatures in this situation, promoting highly reactive oxidation reactions. Comparative analysis of soot emission by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS) showed that catalyst-impregnated cordierite samples efficiently oxidized soot in a diesel/biodiesel stationary motor: soot emission decreased by more than 70%.     

铜锌超标的城镇污泥在大规模条垛式堆肥过程中重金属变化

采用技术成熟的条垛式堆肥技术对来自广州市南沙区(以下称N区)和东莞市市区(以下称D区)铜、锌污染超标的城镇污泥进行堆肥处理,对堆肥过程中的重金属浓度随时间的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:N区污泥中,Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As含量分别下降了93.5%、60.2%、49.7%、93.0%、77.0%;D区污泥中,Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、As含量分别下降了33.6%、40.8%、26.3%、24.2%、29.8%,Hg含量在两区污泥中均有上升,分别为49.1%和2.8%。采用单一试剂(DTPA)浸提法测定了重金属的生物有效性,N区污泥的Cu、Zn、Cd、As、Hg的金属活性系数平均值分别为15.8%、16.5%、25.5%、5.8%、11.7%,金属活性顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>Hg>As;Cu、Zn、Cd、As、Hg的金属活性系数平均值分别为19.3%、19.6%、24.3%、8.3%、6.2%,金属活性顺序为:Cd>Zn>Cu>As>Hg,Cr的有效性在两区中均未检测出。经过约20d的二次腐熟后,使堆肥产品中的重金属含量低于原污泥,符合了土地利用污泥污染物控制标准,而且也远低于美国USEPA503标准;同时堆肥也改变了重金属的生物活性,使污染超标的Cu、Zn的生物有效性大大降低。因此经过条垛式堆肥处理可将这两区污泥农林利用。     

钛板SCR脱硝催化剂的制备及性能研究

选用钛板作为催化剂的骨架,预先在钛板表面制备二氧化钛涂层,再浸渍活性组分以制备催化剂。用SEM结合能谱分析的方式表征催化剂表面性能,通过固定床实验来测试不同NO负荷、不同温度、不同O2含量、二氧化硫、水蒸气等烟气条件对脱硝效率的影响,并对该催化剂的抗冷热性能和稳定性进行了测试。     

Heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol using iron/ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst

Ordered mesoporous carbon supported iron catalysts(Fe/OMC) were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method and investigated in Fenton-like degradation of 4-chlorophenol(4CP) in this work. XRD and TEM characterization showed that the iron oxides were well dispersed on the OMC support and grew bigger with the increasing calcination temperature. The catalyst prepared with a lower calcination temperature showed higher decomposition efficiency towards 4CP and H2O2, but more metals were leached. The effect of different operational parameters such as initial pH, H2O2 dosage, and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity was evaluated. The results showed that 96.1% of 4CP and 47.4% of TOC was removed after 270 min at 30°C, initial pH of 3 and 6.6 mmol/L H2O2. 88% of 4CP removal efficiency was retained after three successive runs, indicating Fe/OMC a stable catalyst for Fenton reaction. 4CP was degraded predominately by the attack of hydroxyl radical formed on the catalyst surface and in the bulk solution due to iron leaching. Based on the degradation intermediates detected by high performance liquid chromatography, possible oxidation pathways were proposed during the 4CP degradation.     

Photocatalytic removal of NO and NO2 using titania nanotubes synthesized by hydrothermal method

In this study, the photocatalysts of titania nanotubes(TNTs) were synthesized at different calcination temperatures using commercial Degussa TiO2(P25) as a precursor. The materials were then characterized by BET, SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. The photocatalytic reactions with NO and NO2 under UV-A irradiation were both performed. The results showed that the photocatalytic reaction rate of NO was much faster than that of NO2, and the conversion of NO2 to nitrate was the rate-limiting step for photocatalytic removal of NOx if the nitrate produced cannot be removed continuously from the photocatalyst surface. For TNTs calcined at different temperatures, a significant enhancement was observed on the total NOx removal efficiency by TNT calcined at 500°C for both NO and NO2 photocatalytic reaction, which could be attributed to its high anatase crystallinity as well as high surface area. These two factors affect primarily on the NO2conversion step in which the high anatase crystallinity could be responsible for the high efficiency at the beginning, while the high surface area could be accounted for retaining this high efficiency from nitric acid poisoning during the test period.     

Combination of heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction and photocatalysis using Co-TiO2 nanocatalyst for activation of KHSO5 with visible light irradiation at ambient conditions

A novel coupled system using Co–Ti O2 was successfully designed which combined two different heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes, sulfate radical based Fenton-like reaction（SR-Fenton） and visible light photocatalysis（Vis-Photo）, for degradation of organic contaminants. The synergistic effect of SR-Fenton and Vis-Photo was observed through comparative tests of 50 mg/L Rhodamine B（Rh B） degradation and TOC removal. The Rhodamine B degradation rate and TOC removal were 100% and 68.1% using the SR-Fenton/Vis-Photo combined process under ambient conditions, respectively. Moreover, based on XRD, XPS and UV-DRS characterization, it can be deduced that tricobalt tetroxide located on the surface of the catalyst is the SR-Fenton active site, and cobalt ion implanted in the Ti O2 lattice is the reason for the visible light photocatalytic activity of Co–Ti O2. Finally, the effects of the calcination temperature and cobalt concentration on the synergistic performance were also investigated and a possible mechanism for the synergistic system was proposed. This coupled system exhibited excellent catalytic stability and reusability,and almost no dissolution of Co2＋was found.     

气相中乙酸乙酯光解的光子效率:波长和催化剂的影响

采用4种不同波长的准分子光源(Xe Cl*、Kr Cl*、Xe Br*和Kr Br*)降解气相的乙酸乙酯.对比了外加3种负载型光催化剂(有机膜负载Ti O2、有机膜负载石墨烯和纱网负载Ti O2)条件下乙酸乙酯的去除率,考察了光源类型、辐射功率和气体初始浓度对去除率的影响.同时,测定了不同光源的辐射光谱和辐射功率,计算了不同反应条件下的光子效率.结果表明,乙酸乙酯去除率按Kr Br*Kr Cl*Xe Cl*Xe Br*依次降低,而Xe Cl*和Kr Br*光源降解乙酸乙酯气体可以得到较高的光子效率;有机膜负载Ti O2比不加催化剂时乙酸乙酯去除率和光子效率都有所提高,但提高幅度不大.气体流速和乙酸乙酯初始浓度升高,光子效率升高.采用Kr Br*准分子灯直接光解乙酸乙酯,实验条件为:辐射功率0.76 W,乙酸乙酯初始浓度946mg·m-3,气体流速600 m L·min-1,光子效率为5.63%.     

铜离子与解偶联剂协同下的污泥减量作用

采用间歇式活性污泥培养装置,以2,6-二氯苯酚（DCP）作为解偶联剂,浓度为20 mg/L,Cu^2＋浓度为1 mg/L,加入到间歇式活性污泥反应器中.通过30　d的连续运行发现,COD去除效率相比对照实验下降7％,污泥减量达75％,且出水中DCP的平均浓度为0.28 mg/L,Cu^２＋的去除率达到90％以上,但污泥沉降性和污泥对N、P的去除率下降,污泥活性也降低.镜检发现,污泥中丝状菌增多,原生动物和后生动物数量和种类减少.结果表明,Cu^２＋和DCP对污泥减量有明显的协同作用,在活性污泥工艺中运用铜离子和解偶联剂联合来限制污泥产率是可行的.     

胶州湾海洋微表层铜络合的容量

采用阳极溶出伏安法测定了2004年胶州湾海水微表层和次表层金属铜离子的络合容量和条件稳定常数,系统地探讨了其分布规律及其与COD、DOC、TN和TP的相关性.结果表明,胶州湾海水微表层铜络合容量有富集现象,平均值微表层为3.85×10^-7mol·L^-1,次表层为2.45×10^-7mol·L^-1,富集倍数1.56.条件稳定常数(lgK)微表层为7.21,次表层为7.21;且3月、9月微表层小于次表层,6月、12月微表层大于次表层.胶州湾铜络合容量东北部>西北部>南部>中部>湾口;且9月>6月>12月>3月.海水微表层和次表层铜络合容量与COD、DOC存在显著正相关性,而与TN、TP存在较好负相关性.