化学质量平衡受体模型新技术的应用──TEDA大气颗粒物来源解析实例

本文结合实例介绍了大气颗粒物来源解析最常用的模型－化学质量平衡（ＣＭＢ）的原理、有效方差最小二乘解法及诊断检验技术，并用ＭＰＩＮ矩阵检验了拟合元素对拟合源的灵敏度，奇异值分解法（ＳＶＤ）鉴别了共线源，得出天津市经济技术开发区（ＴＥＤＡ）的ＴＳＰ主要来源为风沙、扬尘，其次为燃煤飞灰和木灰。     

Receptor modeling for analyzing PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB sources in Hong Kong

A total of 96 ambient air samples were collected from January 2004 to December 2004 for the investigation of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDD/Fs]) and dioxin-like profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of Hong Kong. Two-day back-trajectories were obtained using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Air Resources Laboratory. Receptor models – potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) – were built based on the measured PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations. Both models were modified in this study so as to integrate the information obtained from three sampling sites in Hong Kong. The PSCF modeling resolved two main PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB polluting paths from Mainland China. In line with previous studies, the northerly path around the Pearl River Delta might be one of the pollution sources of Hong Kong air. On the other hand, the receptor models also indicated another potential northeasterly source from Yangtze River Delta, which was seldom mentioned as the source region of Hong Kong air. Results from the CWT modeling suggested that the most toxic air mass affecting Hong Kong is probably attributable to the northeast path rather than the north path.     

Myasthenia gravis with polyhydramnios in the fetus of an asymptomatic mother

Transient myasthenia gravis was observed in an infant whose mother had no signs of neuro-muscular disease. The case presented with severe polyhydramnios at 31 weeks. Sonographic and invasive work-up showed only an absence of fetal swallowing. At birth, the infant had severe muscle weakness and respiratory distress. He had high titres of anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibodies of maternal origin. Anti-AChR antibodies were also found in stored samples of fetal serum and amniotic fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first case of neonatal myasthenia gravis for which neither past nor present evidence of disease could be obtained in the mother. Anti-AChR antibody testing should be considered in cases of unexplained polyhydramnios.     

Trace contamination with dioxin-like chemicals: evaluation of bioassay-based TEQ determination for hazard assessment and regulatory responses

Many recent dioxin contamination events have been traced back to poisoned animal feed or feed ingredients. Therefore, enforcement authorities placed limits on the levels of dioxins in food and feed or implemented strict monitoring and control programs. The levels in force are generally expressed as TEQ values, which inherently accepts the underlying hypothesis that the effects of dioxin-like chemicals are additive. TEQ determination involves either chemo-analysis, with high-resolution gas chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectroscopy, or bio-analysis. Bio-analytical methods, more particularly the reporter gene expression method CALUX, are advantageous due to their high throughput rate and low cost. Moreover, the CALUX methodology detects the overall dioxin-like toxicity, rather than the limited number of compounds investigated by chemo-analysis. Bioanalytical methods such as CALUX also differ from chemo-analysis in that the contribution of antagonistic as well as synergistic effects, which violate the additivity principle, can be detected. The application of bio-analytical methods can facilitate a broader assessment of public health risks by intensifying the current monitoring programs in terms of both sample numbers and types. Bio-analysis provides information on the total dioxin-like activity of the samples under study (hazard assessment); however, chemo-analysis is still needed to identify the predominant contaminants (congener identification) for risk management.     

典型酚类污染物内分泌干扰效应研究——对斑马鱼发育及核受体介导基因调控的分子影响

以斑马鱼为研究对象,观察2,4,6-三氯酚（2,4,6-trichlorophenol）、4-氯-3-甲酚（4-chloro-3-methylphenol）和4-硝基苯酚（4-nitrophenol）3种酚类污染物对斑马鱼胚胎发育早期阶段形态学指标的影响,借助q-RT-PCR方法对斑马鱼胚胎分别暴露于0.1,0.5和2.5mg/L至120hpf幼鱼8个重要受体（雄激素受体（AR）、甲状腺激素受体（TR）、芳香烃受体（AhR）、雌激素受体（ER）、糖皮质激素受体（GR）、孕烷X受体（PXR）、盐皮质激素受体（MR）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR））相关基因的转录水平进行了研究;进一步采用分子对接和分子动力学模拟的方法研究污染物与筛选出的影响受体（ER、AhR、PXR、GR以及MR）之间的相互作用过程.结果表明,在5和10mg/L的浓度下3种酚类污染物都显著影响斑马鱼的发育,造成脊柱弯曲、心包水肿等不良影响;基因结果显示2,4,6-三氯酚暴露导致ER的基因下调,雌激素受体α（er1）基因在2.5mg/L浓度下下调2.1倍.4-氯-3-甲酚显著影响ER、AhR以及PXR的相关基因,表现为在0.5和2.5mg/L暴露er1基因显著下调1.8和2.2倍,ahr2和pxr基因在0.1和2.5mg/L的浓度下分别下调1.7和1.8倍和上调3.5和3.2倍.4-硝基苯酚暴露使GR、MR核心受体基因发生调控变化,糖皮质激素受体基因（gr）在低中浓度下分别显著上调2.0和2.1倍,最高浓度下下调1.9倍.盐皮质激素受体基因（mr）在中高浓度下分别下调1.9和2.1倍,在最低浓度下显著上调1.7倍;分子计算结果显示它们与相关受体通过疏水和氢键等相互作用而稳定结合,且均方根偏差（RMSD）在5ns后稳定.这3个典型酚类污染物主要通过斑马鱼ER、AhR、PXR、GR、MR受体介导产生内分泌干扰效应并影响其早期生长发育.     

Screening of agonistic activities against four nuclear receptors in wastewater treatment plants in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay

To assess the potential endocrine disruptive effects through multiple nuclear receptors(NRs),especially non-steroidal NRs,in municipal wastewater,we examined the agonistic activities on four NRs(estrogen receptor α,thyroid hormone receptor α,retinoic acid receptor α and retinoid X receptor α) of untreated and treated wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay.Investigation of the influent and effluent of seven WWTPs revealed that agonistic activities...     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

Thyroid disruption by technical decabromodiphenyl ether （DE-83R） at low concentrations in Xenopus laevis

Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), as a flame retardant, is widely produced and used. To study the thyroid disruption by technical decaBDE at low concentrations, Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to technical decaBDE mixture DE-83R (1–1000 ng/L) in water from stage 46/47 (free swimming larvae, system of Nieuwkoop and Faber) to stage 62. DE-83R at concentration of 1000 ng/L significantly delayed the time to metamorphosis (presented by forelimb emergence, FLE). Histological examination showed that DE- 83R at all tested concentrations caused histological alterations – multilayer follicular epithelial cell and markedly increased follicle size accompanied by partial colloid depletion and increase in the peripheral colloid vacuolation, in thyroid glands. All tested concentrations of DE-83R also induced a down-regulation of thyroid receptor mRNA expression. These results demonstrated that technical decaBDE disrupted the thyroid system in X. laevis tadpoles. Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (sum of 39 congeners) in X. laevis indicated that mean concentrations of total PBDEs in X. laevis exposed to 1, 10, 100, 1000 ng/L were 11.0, 128.1, 412.1, 1400.2 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Considering that PBDEs burden of X. laevis tadpoles was close to PBDEs levels in amphibians as reported in previous studies, our study has raised new concerns for thyroid disruption in amphibians of technical decaBDE at environmentally relevant concentrations.     

基于自然灾害的北京幅综合生态风险评价

经过20多年的发展,风险源评价从单一风险源扩展到多风险源,风险受体从单一受体发展到多受体,评价尺度也从种群、生态系统扩展到区域和景观水平。但总体说来,对多风险源、多过程的多个生态系统层次的风险评价尚不成熟。运用数字高程模型、干燥度分布图、植被指数、人口密度以及8种自然灾害风险源频率分布图、土地利用图、植被类型图、陆地生态系统生态资产分布图等数据,基于ArcGIS 9.2平台,综合考虑生态的脆弱性,风险源的发生频率,受体的暴露水平、危害程度等,对多风险源、多个生态系统综合的北京幅生态风险进行评价。旨在对区域综合生态风险评价方法进行探讨。评价结果显示：（1）高风险区主要为本区环渤海湾沿岸,包括天津市,河北唐山、沧州,山东滨州、东营、潍坊等沿海地带;以及本图幅西部、北部的太行山地,包括河北省、北京市及图幅西部的山西、河南部分地区;（2）较低生态风险区所占比例较高,达42.55%,可见降低生态风险有很大的潜力;（3）高强度的人类开发,尤其是在滨海地区围海造陆,将会导致沿海地区生态风险更高。     

雌激素受体在环境雌激素评估中的研究进展（Review on Estrogen Receptor to Estimate Environmental Estrogen）

水环境是环境雌激素最大的储存库,环境雌激素可通过水体传递,对水生动物产生严重危害.雌激素的生理功能通过雌激素受体(ER)介导.ER是一种配体依赖性转录因子,通过雌激素应答元件调节靶基因的转录.大量研究证实,在环境雌激素类化合物污染的评价中,ER可作为检测环境雌激素效应的生物标记物之一.但不同亚型的ER具有组织特异性且对配体的结合存在差异,因此在环境雌激素效应的检测中,应注意化学污染物的类型以及受检动物的物种及组织的特异性.检测ER的方法包括ER蛋白直接定量检测和ERmRNA定量分析,检测技术的选择要依据实验设计而定.论文对环境雌激素效应检测中ER的研究进展进行了综述,为环境雌激素污染检测工作提供了理论依据和基本方法.