Implementing the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty: Future applications of geographic information systems within the Committee for Environmental Protection

With the entry into force of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Protocol) in January 1998, key operational aspects of the newly established Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP), such as its advisory capacity to Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCMs) need to be urgently addressed. This paper advocates the use of a geographic information system (GIS) environmental database to reinforce the advisory capacity of the CEP. The demonstrated links between the provisions of the Protocol and GIS capabilities illustrate the potential this has to assist the CEP in delivering informed advice to ATCMs. The range of GIS applications that could be utilized by the CEP in fulfilling its functions are examined by reference to precedents in Europe (CORINE) and Australia (ARIS).     

Application of an aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer: Charged-particle polarity ratio measurement in the Antarctic and Arctic regions

An aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer (AEMSA), developed at Hanyang University, was employed to investigate the particle charge characteristics in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The particle charge characteristics in these areas were compared with the charging state in Ansan, South Korea, located in the midlatitude, where artificial factors, such as human activity, urbanization, and traffic, might result in a higher total concentration. Furthermore, in Ansan, South Korea, the charged-particle polarity ratio was very stable and was close to 1. However, notably different particle charge characteristics were obtained in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The imbalance between the numbers of positively and negatively charged particles was evident, resulting in more positive charges on the atmospheric particles. On average, the positively charged particle concentrations in the Antarctic and Arctic areas were 1.4 and 2.8 times higher, respectively, compared with the negatively charged particles. The developed AEMSA system and the findings of this study provide useful information on the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and can be further utilized to study particle formation mechanisms.     

南极内陆科考站的环境影响评价及减缓措施

南极内陆地区以其特殊的地理位置和特有的生态环境在研究全球变化尤其是气候变化中发挥不可替代的作用.随着越来越多的科考站在南极内陆地区建立,人类活动对南极环境的不利影响的程度和性质正在发生范围的扩散和层次的转移.本研究以中国昆仑站为例,依据不同类型活动的发生概率、范围、持续时间,严重程度的不同,对在南极内陆地区建立科考站所产生的环境影响进行了综合分析,结果表明,科考站的建设和运行对南极内陆环境及其附属的生态系统带来了不可避免的负效应,提出相关减缓措施以期尽可能减缓不良的环境影响,这不仅为日后南极科考活动提供规范化指导,还为南极内陆地区环境污染的控制及管理和可持续发展提供参考.     

Distribution and characteristic of PAHs in snow of Fildes Peninsula

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) investigation in different matrices has been reported largely, whereas reports on snow samples were limited. Snow, as the main matrix in the polar region, has an important study meaning. PAHs in snow samples were analyzed to investigate the distribution and contamination status of them in the Antarctic, as well as to provide some references for global migration of PAHs. Snow samples collected in Fildes Peninsula were enriched and separated by solid-phase membrane disks and eluted by methylene dichloride, then quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All types of PAHs were detected except for Benzo(a)pyrene. Principal component analysis method was applied to characterize them. Three factors (Naphthalene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene) accounted for 60.57%, 21.61% and 9.80%, respectively. The results showed that the major PAHs sources maybe the atmospheric transportation, and the combustion of fuel in Fildes Peninsula. The comparison of concentration and types of PAHs between accumulated snow and fresh snow showed that the main compound concentrations in accumulated snow samples were higher than those in fresh ones. The risk assessment indicated that the amount of PAHs in the snow samples would not lead to ecological risk.     

夏季南奥克尼群岛西部水域南极磷虾资源时空分布及其与表温之间的关系

根据2010年1月31日～2月13日在南极南奥克尼群岛西部水域开展的南极海洋生物资源调查期间收集的数据及卫星获取的水温数据(海水表温和表温距平),对南极磷虾时空分布及其与表温之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)02:00～18:00为南极磷虾群出现频率较高的时段,随后南极磷虾群出现概率开始下降,至22:00 ～02:...     

南极旅游资源分类及空间分布特征

南极地区以其独特的旅游资源吸引了越来越多人的注意,近年来赴南极旅游的游客人数快速增长。但国内外对南极旅游资源的研究却相对滞后,对其分类和评价研究几乎处于空白状态。本文对南极旅游资源的分类及空间分布特征进行了初步研究,并对我国南极旅游业发展提出建议,以期为南极旅游资源的评价、开发与保护提供参考。结果表明：南极地区已开展实质性旅游活动的主要旅游资源单体共558个,按属性可分为8个主类、18个亚类和30个基本类型,自然资源类型丰富,水域景观占比较大;旅游资源的空间分布不均衡,在南极半岛西北部格雷厄姆地沿海及附近岛屿、罗斯海周边岛屿及大陆形成了两个高密度集聚区;气候环境条件和旅游资源的可达性是影响该地区旅游资源空间分布的重要因素;与我国相关的南极旅游资源较少,中国在南极旅游开发中的参与度和成熟度也相对较低,未来应尽快摸清南极旅游资源状况,加强南极旅游影响研究,推动我国南极旅游发展。     

Comparison of sample digestion procedures for the determination of trace elements in antarctic krill by GF‐AAS

Two independent digestion procedures for Antarctic krill samples were compared. Dry ashing (DA) and microwave (MW) acid‐assisted digestion were tested for decomposing the samples to determine essential (Cu, Fe, Cr) and toxic elements (Cd, Pb) by graphite furnace‐atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS). A mixture of HNO₃ and H₂O₂ as digesting agent was used in the microwave procedure. For the dry ashing digestion, the organic matter was oxidated at 480°C in an open system. Both digestion methods were compared in terms of accuracy and applied to the analysis of a certified reference material: MURST‐ISS‐A2 (Antarctic krill).

The detection limits for the five elements analysed ranged from 3 to 150 ng g^‐1. Both digestion procedures are suitable for the decomposition of krill samples. However, dry ashing is not recommended to determine Pb and Cd because losses can occur.     

雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的在线富集方法

利用一维离子色谱建立了高氯酸盐的在线富集方法,以期为建立定量检测南极雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的离子色谱-串联质谱法奠定基础.选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,等梯度淋洗.考虑到南极雪冰样品量十分有限,选定5 mL为富集体积,对应的富集时间为10 min.高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5—50μg.L-1范围内,方法具有良好的线性（相关系数为0.9995）,检出限（以S/N=3计）为0.05μg.L-1.将浓度为0.5μg.L-1的标准溶液连续11次富集进样,所得峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.以人工配制的仅含有高氯酸盐的溶液实施了加标回收实验,回收率在85%—108%之间.     

南极春季海冰物理对叶绿素控制作用的统计分析

利用2006年南极威德尔海西北海域冬末春初的冰芯晶体结构,和302组冰芯温度、盐度、密度、叶绿素-a、脱镁叶绿素数据,以及冰底面叶绿素a垂直分布数据,进一步确定积雪/海冰厚度、冰内温度、盐度、密度对冰内和冰下叶绿素a的贡献.利用环境制约与生态平衡原理,阐明积雪/海冰厚度通过阻碍光通量对冰底叶绿素的效应,以及卤水体积通过冰温度和盐度体现对冰藻细胞活性的抑制作用.统计分析不仅确立了南极海冰冰内卤水体积-内叶绿素a的逻辑斯蒂上限含量曲线,并体现出粒状冰同柱状冰卤水排泄方式的差异及其对冰底春季叶绿素a快速增长的冰物理贡献.冰藻细胞活性指标小于0.5的仅占4.3%,该数据为南极冰藻是维持南极冰区浮游植物旺发的主导因子提供了重要依据.     

南极麦克斯韦尔海湾阴离子洗涤剂污染研究

首次报道了南极麦克斯韦尔海湾海域阴离子洗涤剂污染的变化和分布状况。研究海域水体阴离子洗涤剂含量在0.148～0.997mg/L之间,若按中国国内地表水水质标准0.3mg/L评价,全部20个站次中有6站次超过标准,超标率达30％,表明该地区已有一定程度的阴离子洗涤剂污染。主要污染源是各考察站的生活污水。