重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准影响研究

通过应用箱工模型，模拟研究了实施排放标准对大气环境质量的影响，分析讨论了实施２排放标准的技术经济可行性。得出如下结论：（１）重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准能基本满足在气环境质量减级标准的要求。（２）实施标准所需二氧化硫治理静态投资费用总额计２６．３６９亿元。（３）实施标准减少环境污染损失６．４４０亿元。     

利用逆向轨迹反演模式估算北京地区甲烷源强

利用连续监测的大气甲烷浓度数据和拉格朗日逆向轨迹反演模式估算出北京甲烷源排放强度，并与根据最新调查数据建立的北京地区甲烷源排放清单进行了比较。排放清单结果表明，北京地区甲烷排放总量为296．4Gg/a，其中，最主要的甲烷排放源为城市垃圾和化石燃料，反映了北京作为一特大城市甲烷排放以人为源为主的特点。利用2000年6月至12月连续观测的有湿合层代表性的北京大气甲烷浓度，通过奇异值分解法（Singular Value Decomposition，SVD）反演出模拟区域的甲烷排放源强度和分布。模式计算与排放清单在甲烷源定性分布上对应较好，定量结果也是合理的。但由于可输入的气象数据有限，轨迹在整个模拟区域内覆盖不均匀，反演出的源块位置有偏差，其中偏差最大的为煤矿的甲烷排放。     

Seasonal variations of monoterpene emissions from coniferous trees of different ages in Korea

Seasonal variations of emission rates and compositions from coniferous species were measured under controlled conditions using a vegetation enclosure method. Total emission rates and compositions of monoterpene compounds from young and adult trees in different seasons were compared.

It was found that the total emission rates and the components of monoterpene varied significantly with tree species, age, and season. Total emissions from C. japonica and P. koraiensis were higher for older trees than for younger trees; however, significantly higher emissions were found from younger trees for C. obtusa. Higher monoterpene emission rates from each plant were found in spring and summer compared with autumn and winter emissions.     

Examination of dioxin fluxes recorded in dated aquatic-sediment cores in the Kanto region of Japan using multivariate data analysis

Past dioxin (coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (Co-PCB), 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)) fluxes recorded in dated aquatic-sediment cores were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The data set consisted of samples from four cores collected from the Kanto region of Japan. Time trends and spatial differences in the dioxin flux were examined, and the potential relationship to emission sources was investigated. Twenty-five compounds and 58 core slices, corresponding to the later half of the 20th century, were subjected to the analysis. The PCA of both log-transformed and maximum-value-standardized data successfully divided the dioxin compounds into a small number of groups, and three similar clusters of Co-PCBs, PCDDs and penta- to hepta-CDFs were identified. PCB formulations used in the past are judged to have been responsible for the major part of the Co-PCB flux recorded in the sediment cores. However, the relationship to emission sources needs further investigation. It is suggested that most 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs are different from Co-PCBs in their emission sources or movements in the environment. The subcore clusters obtained from the PCA of log-transformed data show that the cores from different sampling areas exhibited distinct dioxin fluxes and compositions. Common time trends among the cores were more effectively summarized by the PCA of maximum-value-standardized data focusing on relative time trends. PC scores show that recently the flux of each dioxin compound in the four cores has been generally declining after having reached a peak.     

排污收费对企业污染控制技术创新激励作用的研究

运用模型方法研究了排污收费和行政手段对企业污染控制技术创新的激励作用,为环境管理政策应用提供了理论依据。结果表明,无论对创新企业还是模拟企业,在“技术创新－创新扩散－最优啮合反应”的技术创新过程中,排污收费更能刺激企业的污染控制技术创新行为。     

日本二噁英减排控制的历程、经验与启示

二噁英减排控制是《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的重要任务,是履行公约义务的难点.对日本二噁英减排控制20年来的实践历程进行了回顾和分析,总结出了其协调管理机制设立、法律法规标准建立、监测能力建设以及宣传教育等八个方面的成功经验,对中国二噁英减排控制工作有重要的借鉴意义.     

南方林区2000~2016年林火释放污染物动态变化研究

以南方林区为研究区域,基于林业统计年鉴和MODIS卫星火点数据,结合相关文献中不同林型各类污染物的排放因子数据,估算2000~2016年间研究区域各省森林生物质燃烧及污染物排放总量,并分析其时空变化情况.结果表明,南方林区森林火灾总体呈先升后降的趋势,林火空间分布较为分散.2000~2016年南方林区森林生物质燃烧总量4.79×10⁴kt.其中,温带常绿针叶林、温带常绿阔叶林、温带落叶阔叶林、热带常绿阔叶林和灌木的燃烧比例分别为65.24%,17.45%,1.55%,1.10%和14.66%.CO、CO₂、NO_x、CH₄、VOCs和PM_2.5等主要污染物的排放总量均值依次为3.73×10³,5.87×10⁴,48.05,347.27,358.54和365.06kt.此外,各类污染物的时空分布差异性明显：福建、广东、广西全省,海南西部,以及江西和湖南南部是各类污染物网格排放高值区;江西和湖北各类污染物的排放呈显著下降,福建NO_x、VOCs和PM_2.5,以及广东CH₄和VOCs下降趋势显著,其余省份各类污染物排放下降但不显著.林火释放污染物占工业粉尘比例呈波动性上升,表明该地区森林火灾对大气环境的影响程度逐渐增加.     

中国钢铁行业大气环境影响

本研究基于2015年在线监测等数据,分析中国钢铁行业主要工序(烧结和球团)排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2015年中国高时空分辨率钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单(HSEC, 2015),使用CAMx模型,定量模拟钢铁行业排放对区域大气污染物浓度贡献.结果表明, 2015年中国钢铁行业共排放SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PCDD/Fs、VOCs、CO、BC、OC、EC和F分别为37.48万t、 72.05万t、 33.48万t、 15.03万t、 1.91 kg、 84.29万t、 3 478.85万t、 0.64万t、 0.83万t、 0.08万t和0.77万t.从区域角度:上海和天津钢铁行业单位面积污染排放强度最大,对区域大气污染贡献比例较高.从工序角度:2015年烧结和球团烟气排口月平均浓度降低.从污染物角度:2015年钢铁行业排放NO_x对区域污染物浓度贡献最大,NO_x具有较大的减排潜力.     

Observation and analysis of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in a typical petrochemical area in Yangtze River Delta, China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a kind of important precursors for ozone photochemical formation. In this study, VOCs were measured from November 5th, 2013 to January 6th, 2014 at the Second Jinshan Industrial Area, Shanghai, China. The results showed that the measured VOCs were dominated by alkanes (41.8%), followed by aromatics (20.1%), alkenes (17.9%), and halo-hydrocarbons (12.5%). The daily trend of the VOC concentration showed a bimodal feature due to the rush-hour traffic in the morning and at nightfall. Based on the VOC concentration, a receptor model of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) coupled with the information related to VOC sources was applied to identify the major VOC emissions. The result showed five major VOC sources: solvent use and industrial processes were responsible for about 30% of the ambient VOCs, followed by rubber chemical industrial emissions (23%), refinery and petrochemical industrial emissions (21%), fuel evaporations (13%) and vehicular emissions (13%). The contribution of generalized industrial emissions was about 74% and significantly higher than that made by vehicle exhaust. Using a propylene-equivalent method, alkenes displayed the highest concentration, followed by aromatics and alkanes. Based on a maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) method, the average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs is 220.49?ppbv. The most significant source for ozone chemical formation was identified to be rubber chemical industrial emissions, following one by vehicular emission. The data shown herein may provide useful information to develop effective VOC pollution control strategies in industrialized area.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.