Geochemistry of trace elements in paddy (rice) soils of Sri Lanka – implications for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD)

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are a common health problem prevalent in the wet zone of Sri Lanka with a prevalence of >25 of the population. In comparison, in the dry zone of Sri Lanka IDD occurs in <10 of the population. Seventy soil samples from 14 villages selected on the basis of the incidence of goitre, were collected and analysed for 13 trace elements using ICP-MS. In order to identify any prevailing differences in antecedent chemical environments, soil samples from each pre-selected village were classified into three groups in terms of their geographical location. Among the elements investigated, the total soil concentrations of Rb, Sr, Ba, Mn and Co are lower in the wet zone of Kalutara. In contrast, total soil Rb, Sr, Ba and Mn contents are higher in the dry zone of Anuradhapura. Further soil total Mo and Nb levels are relatively similar in all pre-selected study locations. The high endemic goitre regions (IDD >25 of the population) show low levels of Rb, Sr, Ba, and Mn and higher levels of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb as compared with moderate and non-goitre areas. Factor analysis was used to exploit the correlation structure present in data and yielded three groups in all cases. This indicated that most transition group elements and iodine are associated with the Mn phase in the low IDD areas whereas iodine shows a high affinity for the organic phase in high IDD regions. The variable distribution of trace elements, therefore, must be due to differences in mobility and capacity for incorporation into the structure of secondary minerals or organic phases.     

乌鲁木齐市东南郊一次降雪过程的化学组成及其悬浮态颗粒形态特征

为初步了解乌鲁木齐东南郊降雪的化学组成特征和污染信息,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对2012年2月21~23日降雪中的22种可溶性金属元素浓度进行了测定,并通过扫描电镜能谱技术(SEM/EDX)研究了降雪中悬浮态颗粒物的形态和元素组成.结果表明,此次降雪中重金属含量偏高,其中Se、As、Cd富集因子分别为124.65、57.69和36.70,具有较明显的煤烟型污染特征;后向轨迹聚类分析也表明该时期采样点近地面主要受其西南方向燃煤火电排放烟尘的影响.电镜观察观测结果显示降雪中悬浮态颗粒主要有3种形态,主要以燃煤飞灰和矿物颗粒为主,烟尘集合体大多数为老化或吸湿后形成的较粗的密实颗粒,表明乌鲁木齐东南郊冬季大气中的悬浮态颗粒物主要来自燃煤飞灰和不可溶土壤矿物.     

Properties of agricultural aerosol released during wheat harvest threshing, plowing and sowing

This study shows for the first time a chemical and morphological characterization of agricultural aerosols released during three important agricultural operations： threshing, plowing and sowing. The field campaigns were carried out in the eastern part of the Po Valley, Italy, in summer and autumn 2009. The aerosol particles were sampled on quartz fiber filters and polytetrafluoroethylene membranes in order to allow Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS） analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer （SEM-EDS） investigations, respectively. The organic carbon mass concentrations were measured with a Sunset Laboratory Dual-Optical Organic Carbone/Elemental Carbon （OCEC） Aerosol analyzer. The morphological and chemical analyses by SEM-EDS allowed recognizing four main particle classes： organic, silica, calcite and clay minerals. The organic particles contribute to both fine and coarse aerosol fractions up to ca. 50% for all three agricultural activities. This was also confirmed by OCEC analysis for fine fraction. Most of the agricultural aerosols, about 60%, were single particles and the remaining 40% were agglomerations of particles. The ICP-MS results showed that threshing and plowing produce more aerosol particles than sowing, which was characterized by important amounts of clay minerals produced from land soils.     

智能石墨消解-ICP/MS测定土壤中的10种金属元素研究

使用智能石墨消解对土壤样品进行前处理,ICP/MS测定土壤中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Pb等10种金属元素含量。实验表明,智能石墨消解能将土壤样品消解完全,ICP-MS测定土壤标准样品结果均在保证值范围内、相对标准偏差在0.5%~4.6%之间,具有较好的精密度。该方法安全性高、污染少、操作简单、实现了智能化,适合大批量样品同时测定。     

电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定地表水中痕量钒

建立电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定地表水中的钒的方法。优化了仪器条件后,水样经硝酸酸化后,用ICP-MS直接测定溶液中的钒含量。方法在0.0μg/L-100μg/L范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.04μg/L,其回收率在98.4%-100.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于1.0%。本方法具有检出限低,准确度高,精密度好的特点,完全满足地表水、饮用水等实际样品的测试的需要。     

ICP-MS碰撞池技术消除复杂水样中硒的基体干扰

通过测定深圳某河流水样中的主要成分,确定ICP—MS碰撞模式测定se的主要基体干扰,并对碰撞气流量进行条件优化和水样基体干扰消除试验,确定当氦气流量为3．0L／min时,测定77Se的干扰能基本被消除。该方法测定实际水样的结果与原子荧光法的测定值无显著差异。     

水中硼测定方法比对研究

对姜黄素分光光度法、甲亚胺-H分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体-质谱法测定硼的方法性能进行了比对研究,为硼的测定方法的选择提供了良好的科学依据。     

ICP-MS法测定环境水样中总磷

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测试环境水样中总磷的方法,探讨该方法与传统的光度法在监测结果之间的差异性。结果表明,该方法的检测限可达6×10-4mg/L,加标回收率在92%~103%之间。氦气碰撞模式可有效解决复杂水样消解后的基体干扰问题,实现对总磷的测定。     

Specific accumulation of cadmium and other trace elements in Sarcodon imbricatus using ICP-MS with a chemometric approach

Fungi can effectively accumulate various metallic elements, metalloids and non-metals in fruiting bodies. This study provides information on the accumulation of Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Cr, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Tl, U and Zn in the edible mushroom Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. using the technique of inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry with a dynamic reaction cell mode. Mushrooms were foraged from four regions in Poland. Baseline concentrations of minerals, expressed in mg kg^?1 dry biomass (db), were in the composite samples of caps in the range: for Ag (0.27–0.29), As (1.0–1.9), Ba (0.31–0.45), Cd (4.5–6.3), Co (0.23–1.9), Cu (28–35), Cr (0.19–0.29), Cs (20–38), Li (0.013–0.020), Mn (5.9–8.8), Ni (0.81–1.4), Pb (0.94–1.6), Rb (490–700), Sr (0.14–0.19), Tl (0.058–0.11), U (0.002–0.002), V (0.044–0.054) and Zn (140–160). Concentration levels of Ag, As, Cd, Cs, Pb and Zn were higher in caps than in stipes of S. imbricatus, whereas for other elements the distribution between caps and stipes was nearly equal or for some differed depending on the location. Certainly, the content of toxic Cd in S. imbricatus was elevated (0.45–0.63 mg kg^?1 in fresh caps) and therefore eating this mushroom could increase exposure to Cd. In addition, the content of toxic As in S. imbricatus was elevated.     

常州市春季大气PM2.5中金属元素的分析及污染特征

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,同时测定大气PM2.5中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Zn、Si、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Pb等18种金属元素的分析方法.样品用HNO3+H2O2(5∶1)经微波消解系统进行前处理.该方法操作方便,酸用量少,由于是密闭消解,对环境污染也少.经过反复调试,确定了仪器最佳操作条件.结果表明,各种元素标准曲线的线性相关系数均在0.9990以上,方法检出限在0.07 μg/L ～1.16 mg/L之间,精密度实验中各元素的RSD均小于7.53％,回收率在91.38％～117.53％之间.该方法能够快速有效地实现多元素同时测定,检测线性范围宽,测试结果准确可靠,可以应用于大气颗粒物中多种金属元素的测定.采用富集因子分析法对常州市大气中PM25做来源分析表明,常州市大气PM25中,大部元素的富集因子都大于10,其中,Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Co和Pb在各个采样点的富集因子都非常高,表明主要来自于人为污染.