Effects of chronic elevated ozone exposure on gas exchange responses of adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) as related to the within-canopy light gradient

The effects of elevated O₃ on photosynthetic properties in adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) were investigated in relation to leaf mass per area as a measure of the gradually changing, within-canopy light availability. Leaves under elevated O₃ showed decreased stomatal conductance at unchanged carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, which was consistent with enhanced δ¹³C of leaf organic matter, regardless of the light environment during growth. In parallel, increased energy demand for O₃ detoxification and repair was suggested under elevated O₃ owing to enhanced dark respiration. Only in shade-grown leaves, light-limited photosynthesis was reduced under elevated O₃, this effect being accompanied by lowered F_v/F_m. These results suggest that chronic O₃ exposure primarily caused stomatal closure to adult beech trees in the field regardless of the within-canopy light gradient. However, light limitation apparently raised the O₃ sensitivity of photosynthesis and accelerated senescence in shade leaves.     

Tree and stand growth of mature Norway spruce and European beech under long-term ozone fumigation

In a 50- to 70-year-old mixed stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Germany, tree cohorts have been exposed to double ambient ozone (2×O₃) from 2000 through 2007 and can be compared with trees in the same stand under the ambient ozone regime (1×O₃). Annual diameter growth, allocation pattern, stem form, and stem volume were quantified at the individual tree and stand level. Ozone fumigation induced a shift in the resource allocation into height growth at the expense of diameter growth. This change in allometry leads to rather cone-shaped stem forms and reduced stem stability in the case of spruce, and even neiloidal stem shapes in the case of beech. Neglect of such ozone-induced changes in stem shape may lead to a flawed estimation of volume growth. On the stand level, 2×O₃ caused, on average, a decrease of 10.2 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in European beech.     

Deriving ozone dose-response of photosynthesis in adult forest trees from branch-level cuvette gas exchange assessment

Branch-level gas exchange provided the basis for assessing ozone flux in order to derive the dose-response relationship between cumulative O3 uptake (COU) and carbon gain in the upper sun crown of adult Fagus sylvatica. Fluxes of ozone, CO2 and water vapour were monitored simultaneously by climatized branch cuvettes. The cuvettes allowed branch exposure to an ambient or twice-ambient O3 regime, while tree crowns were exposed to the same O3 regimes (twice-ambient generated by a free-air canopy O3 exposure system). COU levels higher than 20mmolm(-2) led to a pronounced decline in carbon gain under elevated O3. The limiting COU range is consistent with findings on neighbouring branches exposed to twice-ambient O3 through free-air fumigation. The cuvette approach allows to estimate O3 flux at peripheral crown positions, where boundary layers are low, yielding a meso-scale within-crown resolution of photosynthetic foliage sensitivity under whole-tree free-air O3 fumigation.     

Seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (Picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system

The effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (Picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). Levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xO3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. Concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 compared to 2004 indicating a combined effect of the drought conditions in 2003 with enhanced ozone exposure. Elevated ozone had only weak effects on total glutathione levels in needle extracts, phloem exudates and xylem saps. Total and oxidised glutathione concentrations were higher in 2004 compared to 2003 and seemed to be more affected by enhanced ozone influx in the more humid year 2004 compared to the combined effect of elevated ozone and drought in 2003 as observed for ascorbate.     

氟化氢熏气和喷施防护剂对小麦应激乙烯产生的影响

应用开顶式熏气装置，研究了ＨＦ熏气对小麦叶片细胞质膜透性和ＭＤＡ（丙二醛）含量的影响，以及ＨＦ熏气和氟污染防护剂抗坏血酸（Ｖｃ）对小麦体内应激乙烯产生的影响，结果表明，小麦接触ＨＦ气体时细胞质膜透性增大，ＭＤＡ含量升高，体内乙烯量增加，增加幅度与ＨＦ的作用剂量有关，喷施防护剂Ｖｃ也引起乙烯量增加，Ｖｃ和ＨＦ在诱导乙烯生成上有协同效应，推测乙烯的增生可能是植物对环境变化的防御性反应。     

5种绿色植物对甲醛的吸收能力模拟试验研究

目前室内装修所造成的最主要的污染物质为甲醛,因此本文选取甲醛作为研究对象,采用植物熏蒸方法,选用家庭中常见的5种绿色植物对其进行吸收净化对比试验,考察各种植物对甲醛的吸收效果,结果表明:在24h内,普通吊兰对甲醛的吸收能力达98.70%,其次依次为虎尾兰95.45%、芦荟83.77%、瓜叶吊兰75.74%,而绿萝对甲醛的吸收效果最不明显,为56.54%,由此得出植物吸收甲醛的能力为:吊兰>虎尾兰>芦荟>瓜叶吊兰>绿萝。该研究对降低室内甲醛浓度、提高空气质量具有重要的意义。     

屋顶绿化二氧化碳减排效益的研究

屋顶绿化不仅能够美化城市环境,而且对城市二氧化碳减排具有一定作用。文章利用自行设计的熏气装置对几种常见屋顶绿化植物进行CO2熏气实验,测定其对CO2的吸收速率和影响因素;实验结果表明,红叶石楠、红继木和石榴等绿化植物对CO2具有显著的吸收能力,其中红叶石楠的吸收速率最高,达7.058 L/(m.2d),绿化植物对CO2的吸收速率受屋面温度影响较大,温度超过34℃时吸收速率快速减小;在实验观测基础上,结合武汉城市区域气候特征、建筑物荷载能力、屋顶绿化可用面积等信息,分析得到武汉市进行规模化屋顶绿化之后,每年可吸收转化CO21.696×106t,相当于一个194 MW火力发电厂一年的CO2排放量,屋顶绿化的发展前景较可观。     

基于SCREEN3的燃煤电厂海岸线熏烟问题研究

以2×300MW、2×600MW、2×1000MW海边燃煤电厂为例,采用SCREEN3模式利用正交试验法研究了海岸线熏烟和常规气象条件下,不同烟囱高度、不同排烟温度、不同离岸距离时最大落地浓度及其发生距离。结果表明：对于海边大型燃煤电厂,海岸线熏烟的发生与离岸距离、烟囱高度、排烟温度等因素有关;海岸线熏烟最大落地浓度（Smax）是常规气象条件下最大落地浓度（Cmax）的2倍以上,有时甚至达到4倍以上。Smax和Cmax均随排烟温度的升高而降低,Smax随烟囱离岸距离的增加而升高;熏烟最大落地浓度的发生距离（SL）远大于常规气象条件下最大落地浓度的发生距离（CL）,两者均随烟囱高度和排烟温度的升高而增加,SL随离岸距离的增加而缩短;对于离岸距离在3km以内的海边大型燃煤电厂,在环境影响评价时对厂址周边1.3～7.7km范围内有环境敏感点的区域要特别关注海岸线熏烟问题。     

Commercial trials evaluating the novel use of ethyl formate for in-transit fumigation of shipping containers

Sediment samples from 25 sites in 17 rivers of the Pantanal (Brazil) were analyzed with the objective of evaluating pesticide contamination in sediments. Samples were extracted with an acetone, ethylacetate, and water mixture 2:2:1 (v/v/v). The extract was purified by flash chromatography with aluminum oxide and florisil. A multiresidue gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was applied to monitor 23 pesticides of different chemical classes (organochlorine, organophosphorus, triazines, anilides and pyrethroids) with some of their degradation products. Compounds identified in sediment samples included λ -cyhalothrin (1.0 to 5.0 μ g kg^{? 1}), p,p′-DDT (3.6 μ g kg^{? 1}), deltamethrin (20.0 μ g kg^{? 1}) and permethrin (1.0 to 7.0 μ g kg^{? 1}).     

基于熏烟扩散模式的大气环境影响预测和评价——以湘潭县某新建炼锌厂为例

近年来,工业的快速发展导致我国环境污染不断加剧.大气环境污染是影响面最广,对人群的损害也是最直接和不可避免的污染类型.以湘潭县某新建炼锌厂工程项目为例,根据该项目区的气象环境概况,依据环评导则选取对应的大气扩散模式及恰当的有关参数,预测分析工程运营后污染源薰烟小时地面的贡献浓度,并利用预测结果分析了在熏烟情况下各污染物异常排污时,氨气对2000m处居民有严重影响,粉尘、SO2、烟尘主要表现在对工业区周围100m的影响,可见对工业区的大气环境影响预测与评价的研究具有积极的理论意义和现实意义.