污泥生物沥滤工艺优化和重金属分配研究

为了得到嗜酸硫细菌沥滤污泥中重金属的最佳工艺参数,对沥滤过程进行3因素4水平的正交实验研究。3种影响因素的水平设置分别为:污泥浓度35、25、15和5 g/L,单质硫投加量15、10、5和1 g/L,接种量15、10、5和3 g/L。对沥滤过程污泥中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的去除率进行极差分析,提出了因素影响程度依次为单质硫投加量污泥浓度接种量,且最佳工艺条件为:污泥浓度25 g/L,单质硫投加量10 g/L,接种量为5%。采用超声波-离心方法,分步提取污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的2种形态:松散结合态(LB)和紧密结合态(TB)。分析其中的重金属浓度,提出沥滤后重金属在污泥EPS的赋存以LB为主。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解苯酚

以人工配水启动SBR,逐步提高进水苯酚浓度,探究好氧颗粒污泥对苯酚的降解能力,同时分析苯酚对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响。经过55 d的运行,进水苯酚浓度逐渐增到3 000 mg/L,苯酚、COD及NH+4-N去除率分别达到了98.33%、97.27%和57.58%,好氧颗粒污泥表现出对苯酚的良好的去除能力。扫描电镜照片显示投加苯酚后的颗粒污泥表面更加光滑,结构更为紧凑。胞外聚合物红外光谱分析表明投加苯酚前后好氧颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分没有明显改变。苯酚毒性刺激了颗粒污泥分泌更多胞外聚合物,胞外聚合物中多糖含量由初始的12.70 mg/g VSS增加到35.17 mg/g VSS,蛋白含量由4.93 mg/g VSS增加到8.01 mg/g VSS。投加苯酚后的污泥粒径明显增大,主要污泥粒径由0.5~2.0 mm增大到2.0 mm以上。     

序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)处理生活污水的研究

实验模拟生活污水,考察了连续式膜生物反应器(continuous membrane bioreactor,CMBR)和序批式膜生物反器(sequencing batch membrane bioreactor,SMBR)的膜污染和污染物去除效果.结果表明CMBR和SMBR出水COD的平均浓度分别为15.42 mg/L和...     

利用人工神经网络预测芳香化合物的生物可降解性

本文采用简单的化学基团描述符来表征化学物质的结构,以底物的最大比去除速度表征生物可降解性的大小,运用自编的人工神经网络对芳香族化合物的生物可降解性进行了研究。试验过程中,按芳香族化合物最大比底物去除速度的大小将其生物可降解性分为四组：不降解,难降解,可降解,易降解。     

厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

为明确厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物产生的影响机制,通过改变pH、污泥负荷（Ns)和C/N比,研究厌氧颗粒污泥及其上清液的EPS（胞外聚合物）产生量及组分多糖、蛋白质的变化情况,采用红外光谱对比分析了pH、Ns、C/N比对EPS分子结构的影响;结果表明,过酸、过碱和不适当的C/N比不利于厌氧颗粒污泥形态保持和微生物生长,但Ns对厌氧颗粒污泥形态的影响不大。红外光谱分析表明,蛋白质肽键在强酸、强碱条件下均发生了变化,羧基、醇和酚则在强酸条件下(pH 3)消失,C/N比和污泥负荷对EPS的分子结构影响不大。     

Influences of influent carbon source on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and physicochemical properties of activated sludge

It is necessary to understand the bioflocculation, settling and dewatering characteristics in the activated sludge process in order to establish more efficient operational strategies. The influences of carbon source on the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and flocculation, settling and dewatering properties of the activated sludge were investigated. Laboratory-scale completely mixed activated sludge processes were used to grow the activated sludge with different carbon sources of starch, glucose and sodium acetate. The sludge fed with acetate had highest loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and that fed with starch lowest. The amount of tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), protein content in LB-EPS, polysaccharide content and protein contents in TB-EPS, were independent of the influent carbon source. The polysaccharide content in LB-EPS of the activated sludge fed with sodium acetate was lower slightly than those of starch and glucose. The sludge also had a nearly consistent flocs size and the sludge volume index (SVI) value. ESS content of the sludge fed with sodium acetate was higher initially, although it was similar to those fed with glucose and starch finally. However, the specific resistance to filtration and normalized capillary suction time fluctuated first, but finally were stable at around 5.0 × 10⁸ m kg⁻¹ and 3.5 s L g⁻¹ SS, respectively. Only the protein content in LB-EPS weakly correlated with the flocs size and SVI of the activated sludge. But there was no correlation between any other EPS contents or components and the physicochemical properties of the activated sludge.     

Humic substances

GOALS, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Changing environmental conditions and handling stress are well known to cause chronic or acute stress situations in fish with subsequent infections. These requires a therapy by means of antibiotics and chemicals. In contrast to the huge number of pathogens, only a few substances are permitted for application as therapeutics in German aquaculture. Hence, there emerges an urgent need for highly effective and residueless alternatives. MAIN FEATURES: The prophylactic stimulation and training of the defense system of fish by alternative approaches becomes increasingly necessary. One approach is the application of dissolved humic substances (HS) of natural or artificial origin. For example, there exist several reports on the positive effect of HS to fishes. These effects shall be considered in detail. Furthermore, the impact of HS on the constitution of parasites and pathogens will be displayed. The reports on this issue are diverse, if not inconsistent. We try to shed some light on these discrepancies. The last aspect covered by this review is the outdated paradigm that calcium ions act as antidotes. In the presence of HS, even the opposite effect may occur. APPROACH: To overcome old paradigms on HS and their potential interactions with fish and fish parasites, we reviewed recent international literature, as well as 'grey' literature. We also include results from own former and ongoing studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: HS are able to increase the physiological condition of the individuals and to reduce adverse physiological and histological consequences caused by stress; the mechanism behind remains obscure. HS detoxify heavy metals and organic pollutants. Damages caused by several fish pathogens, such as bacteria and parasites, can be repaired more quickly in the presence of HS. Some parasites--mainly fungi--appear to be directly affected by HS. Comparing the fungicidal effects of HS from various sources, evidence is increasing that the aliphatic moiety may be the effective structures. However, further research is necessary to relate more physiological and anti-pathogenic effects to the chemical characteristics of HS. CONCLUSIONS: HS are not real alternatives to strong traditional therapeutics. However, they show different advantages in repairing secondary, stress induced damages in fish. The ecophysiological relevance of HS in either aquatic systems or aquaculture is getting conspicuously. PERSPECTIVES: The lack of therapeutic and antiparasitic substances in aquaculture requires new strategies and ways of thinking. The search for alternatives to the 'traditional' chemical therapeutics calls for the intensive research. Inevitably, this search will lead to an intensive contemplation on HS as 'health promoting substances' and/or even therapeutics. Basic research is needed to detect the functional groups of the HS responsible for the effects observed. Health promoting effects of first investigations made in vitro to affect pathogens via application of HS and several field studies with HS raises hopes for a broader utilisation of HS to reduce stress consequences in fish and fish pathogens residuelessly.     

日本恶臭排放标准体系研究及对中国的借鉴

日本是世界上第一个对恶臭防治进行立法的国家,经过50多年的发展,日本形成了以“22种特定恶臭物质”和“臭气指数”为管控指标的恶臭排放标准体系,对产生恶臭企业的厂界、排气筒和外排水进行排放管控。本文着重介绍两类管控指标在三个管控点位排放标准的制定依据和计算方法,这是日本恶臭排放标准体系精细化程度高、基础研究扎实的具体体现,对我国的标准制定和恶臭基础研究具有很强的借鉴意义。日本以“不引起周边居民反感”的臭气强度范围2.5～3.5作为厂界排放标准限值制定依据,通过对特定恶臭物质/臭气指数与臭气强度的关系研究,制定厂界排放标准范围,并且规定市区町村根据地区自然和社会条件,因地制宜制定地方标准。日本排气筒排放限值依据厂界限值通过模型计算得到,受地形、天气等因素影响,一厂一标准。臭气指数的外排水标准通过厂界限值计算得到,特定恶臭物质的外排水标准限值通过研究恶臭物质在水和大气中的影响关系得到。我国国标制定了排放标准的下限,各省（区、市）在国标基础上制定了更为严格的排放标准。日本1313个市区町村在国法的范围内制定了地方标准,而我国的恶臭地方标准非常少。我国同时执行8项特定恶臭物质和臭气浓度标准,并规...     

Effect of Mn2+ on the phosphorus removal and bioflocculation under anoxic condition

Manganese ion (Mn²⁺) generated from metallurgical, steel making and chemical industries enters sewage treatment plants and affects the sludge activity and flocculation. The effect of Mn²⁺ on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) and sludge activity were investigated in anoxic zone of an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) process. The compositions and structures of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were characterized using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to reveal the relationship among Mn²⁺, EPS and sludge flocculation.The results showed that low concentration of Mn²⁺ (<5 mg/L) improved removal efficiencies of COD and TP and increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase. Meanwhile, the addition of Mn²⁺ increased total EPS, sludge contact angle, Zeta potential and sludge particle size, and thus enhanced sludge flocculation. However, high concentration of Mn²⁺ (>10 mg/L) hindered microbial flocculation and reduced removal efficiencies of the pollutants. When Mn²⁺was 5 mg/L, removal efficiencies of COD and TP reached 65% and 90%, respectively. Sludge flocculation was the best and SVI was 70.56 mL/g. The changes of Mn²⁺ concentration caused deviation of groups’ compositions in LB-EPS and TB-EPS, where the main components were always protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS). The addition of Mn²⁺ resulted in the degradation of humic acids. However, it did not give rise to significant morphology changes of EPS.     

白腐菌联合纳米零价铁强化去除水中Cd(II)

采用白腐菌和纳米零价铁(nZVI)联合体系强化去除水中Cd (II),并考察pH值、Cd (II)初始浓度、温度、nZVI投加量对Cd (II)去除的影响,分析nZVI对白腐菌胞内外富集镉的影响特性,同时结合扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、三维荧光光谱等手段分析联合体系对Cd (II)的强化去除机制.结果表明,在pH=6,Cd (II)初始浓度为50mg/L,温度为30℃,nZVI投加量为0.1g/L的条件下反应180min后,Cd (II)的去除率可达到99.5%以上.联合体系对Cd (II)的去除过程符合准二级动力学,主要去除机制为白腐菌对Cd (II)的胞外络合吸附,添加nZVI能促进白腐菌对Cd (II)的胞外吸附,FTIR和XPS分析表明,羟基、羧基和氨基参与了Cd (II)的吸附,白腐菌胞外聚合物(EPS)能与铁发生内层配位形成P-O-Fe键,加速富含羟基官能团的纤铁矿、磁铁矿等铁矿物形成,从而促进对溶液中Cd (II)的吸附去除.