接种内外源微生物菌剂对堆肥效果的影响

在严格控制堆肥条件的堆肥反应器中,以鸡粪为堆肥基础原料,内源微生物M37和外源微生物VT为接种剂,研究了堆肥过程中温度、氧气浓度、C/N、水溶性碳(WSC)、发芽指数(GI)以及蛋白酶和脱氢酶的活性动态变化.结果表明,接种M37后,堆肥升温速度加快,且升温期氧气浓度下降速度最快.接种VT后能够增加堆肥高温期的温度,且高温期氧气浓度最低.接种内外源微生物菌剂,C/N下降速度快,WSC浓度相对高.堆肥结束时,GI值显著高于CK,有利于加快堆肥腐熟进程.M37有利于堆肥升温期的蛋白酶和脱氢酶的积累,在高温期,VT处理的蛋白酶和脱氢酶活性最强,促进堆肥的氧化还原反应.     

高效复合微生物菌群在垃圾堆肥中的应用

利用高效复合微生物菌群对生活垃圾和污泥混合堆肥,通过测定堆肥过程中总菌数、温度、有机物、C/N比等,较系统地研究了高效复合微生物菌群在生活垃圾、污泥混合堆肥系统中的作用.试验证明:在生活垃圾和污泥共堆肥系统中,调节堆料比为厨房垃圾:污泥:粉煤灰土:成熟堆肥污泥:干草=41.6:27.8:13.8:11.1:5.5,有机物约为60%,总氮14%,全磷0.69%,全钾1.25%;初始含水率为58.5%,初始C/N比=30i供气量控制在0.8L/min·kg挥发性有机物,处理1、处理2、处理3堆料中分别接种2%、3%、5%(质量分数)的高效复合微生物菌群,与加入3%灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验.对照组、处理1、处理2和处理3堆肥系统垃圾腐熟时间分别为30d、24d、18d和12d;说明高效复合微生物菌群可以加速生活垃圾和污泥的降解,保证堆肥过程的顺利进行.处理3与对照组相比,堆腐时间缩短了18d,同时成品堆肥中含有大量具有生物活性的微生物,是一种良好的生物活性有机肥料.     

不同通风方式对污泥堆肥的影响

采用2种通风方式和5种调理剂进行污泥堆肥,堆温均能顺利达到设定温度(60℃),并能保持一段高温期,堆肥产品的卫生学指标达到了无害化国家标准.同采用正压强制通风相比,采用自然通风与正压强制通风相结合方式,堆温上升迅速,能耗更低.但正压强制通风能加快堆料含水率的降低和有机质的降解.堆料含水率能极大地影响污泥堆肥过程,堆料的含水率不宜超过80%,在污泥堆肥过程中不必对堆料的pH值进行调整.     

堆肥系统的通风设计

对堆肥系统的两种不同风机选型方法及计算结果进行了比较.根据计算结果,方法二所选风机的风量、风压和功率都大于方法一所选的风机.对于堆肥系统,目前常用的风机选型方法为方法二.污泥堆肥中试的结果初步表明:方法二所选风机的风量偏大,而方法一所选风机的风量比较适宜.     

环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的影响

在不同的环境温度下 ,采用强制通风静态仓污泥堆肥中试实验系统进行了五种调理剂的污泥堆肥实验。结果表明 :环境温度对污泥堆肥过程的堆体温度有影响。在寒冷的冬季 (气温范围为 -1 4～ 5.0℃ ,平均气温为 -5.1℃ ) ,污泥堆肥的堆体中层温度能顺利达到设定温度( 60℃ ) ,并能保持一段高温期 (约 9d) ,堆肥产品达到了无害化国家标准。在污泥堆肥过程 ,不必对堆料的 pH值进行调整。     

白腐菌应用于堆肥处理含木质素废物的研究

白腐菌对木质素具有较强的降解能力。通过在含大量木质素的模拟垃圾堆肥中采取添加白腐菌菌剂与不添加该菌剂2组实验对比,在相同堆肥处理条件下,接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素总量由274988mg降至15438mg,降解率达4386%,远高于未接种菌剂的堆肥中木质素的降解率,表明白腐菌可有效用于含木质素废弃物的堆肥处理,并有望于加速堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥效率。     

冬季动态槽式堆肥温度的空间变异

以鲜鸡粪、蘑菇渣和污泥按照体积比3∶1∶1混合进行动态堆肥模拟试验.堆肥槽沿物料前进方向分为7个部分,对每个部分按等间距分别做5个水平方向上切分和5个垂直方向上切分,在形成的125个交叉点上进行温度监测.研究结果表明,第1天的混合物料温度在同一层中变异很小,不同层之间略有差异.随着动态过程的进行,同一层温度变异逐渐增大,从第一天相差1～3℃,增加到相差30～40℃,靠近墙体的堆料温度较低,远离墙体的温度较高.随着堆肥时间延长,差异增大.机械翻堆能起到通风的作用,同时使每一个堆方的堆料在纵向方向上上下混合,但达不到横向混匀,因此,靠近墙体两侧的堆料始终处于较低的温度,只有中部能达到较高的温度,以堆肥温度50℃作为无害化指标,自墙体向中心方向的1m为没有达到无害化厚度,无害化体积占堆肥总体积50%.整个动态堆肥过程符合二级动力学方程.     

遥感技术在灰霾监测中的应用综述

介绍了灰霾遥感监测的基本原理,论述了基于图像变换的TC法、HOT法和基于反演气溶胶光学厚度的灰霾遥感监测技术,以及造成灰霾天气的秸秆燃烧遥感监测方法.指出卫星遥感技术可以提供大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,以及全球性的大气环境综合遥感数据,是灰霾监测与综合治理的重要途径.     

Advantages and risks of using steel slag in preparing composts from raw organic waste

It had been reported that iron and manganese oxides in steel slag enhanced the production of humic acid (HA) from low-molecular-weight compounds, such as phenolic acids, amino acids, and saccharides. In the present study, this function of steel slag was applied to the composting of raw organic wastes (ROWs). The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. Thus, HAs were extracted from the prepared composts and the humification parameters were determined, in terms of elemental compositions, acidic functional group contents, molecular weights, spectroscopic parameters from UV–vis absorption and ¹³C NMR spectra. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17–18 kDa). These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. Because the slag used in the present study contained several-tens ng g^?1 to several μg g^?1 of toxic elements (B, Cu, Cr, and Zn), leaching tests for these elements from the prepared composts were carried out. Levels for leaching boron from composts prepared by adding slag (0.2–0.4 mg L^?1) were obviously higher than the corresponding levels without slag (0.05 mg L^?1).     

Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of organic matter during the anaerobic digestion and successive composting of pig slurry

In this work, anaerobic digestion of pig slurry and successive composting of the digestate after centrifugation were studied by means of chemical analysis, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy as excitation–emission matrix (EEM). Chemical analysis highlighted the organic matter transformation occurring during the processes. A decrease of volatile solids and total organic carbon were observed in the digestate with respect to the fresh pig slurry as a consequence of the consumption of sugars, proteins, amino acids and fatty acids used by microorganisms as a C source. Water Extractable Organic Matter (WEOM) was obtained for all samples and fractionated into a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic fraction. The highest WEOM value was found in the pig slurry indicating a high content of labile organic C. The digestate centrifuged and the digestate composted showed lower hydrophilic and higher hydrophobic contents because of the decrease of labile C. Total phenolic content was lower in the digestate with respect to fresh pig slurry sample (36.7%) as a consequence of phenolic compounds degradation. The strong decrease of total reducing sugars in the digestate (76.6%) as compared to pig slurry confirmed that anaerobic process proceed mainly through consumption of sugars which represent a readily available energy source for microbial activity. FTIR spectra of pig slurry showed bands indicative of proteins and carbohydrates. A drop of aliphatic structures and a decrease of polysaccharides was observed after the anaerobic process along with the increase of the peak in the aromatic region. The composted substrate showed an increase of aromatic and a relative decrease of polysaccharides. EEM spectra provided tryptophan:fulvic-like fluorescence ratios which increased from fresh substrate to digestate because of the OM decompostion. Composted substrate presented the lowest ratio due to the humification process.