低密度聚乙烯微塑料对土壤中含氧多环芳烃自然衰减的影响

农田土壤中微塑料的不断积累可能会影响含氧多环芳烃（OPAHs）的自然衰减行为.通过土壤微宇宙实验,研究了质量分数为1 %和0.01 %低密度聚乙烯微塑料（LDPE）对土壤中OPAHs自然衰减的影响,并探究了细菌群落响应与OPAHs自然衰减的关联.土壤中初始ω（OPAHs）为34.6 mg·kg^-1,培养14 d时LDPE抑制了土壤中OPAHs的自然衰减,LDPE处理组ω（OPAHs）较对照组高出0.9~1.6 mg·kg^-1,抑制程度随LDPE质量分数增大而增大;28 d时3个处理组间土壤中OPAHs含量无显著差异,LDPE抑制效应消失.LDPE处理未改变OPAHs污染土壤中群落优势物种组成,但影响了部分优势物种相对丰度;使门水平上变形菌门和放线菌门等相对丰度增加;使属水平上芽孢杆菌属相对丰度下降,而小单孢菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度增加（为LDPE及内源物的潜在降解菌）,这4个菌属均是属水平上主导组间群落差异的主要物种.LDPE使细菌群落的α和β多样性发生了变化,但差异不显著.LDPE影响了细菌群落的功能,降低了多环芳烃降解基因的总丰度及部分降解酶丰度,抑制了多环芳烃降解菌的生长,进而干预了OPAHs自然衰减.     

皆伐对青藏高原东部银露梅种群生长与繁殖的影响

调查了青藏高原东部川西云杉原始林下优势灌木银露梅及其在皆伐7 a后迹地上的种群结构、生长与繁殖状况,并进行了对比研究.发现(1)皆伐迹地生境中的银露梅灌丛年龄结构、萌生株年龄结构、萌生株数大小结构和冠幅结构与原始林下相比均存在着较大的差异;(2)在皆伐生境中,与林下同龄的银露梅丛冠幅、基径总和以及株高总和均显著增加,皆伐显著促进了银露梅的无性萌生能力和结实数量的增加.综合分析表明,银露梅能有效适应迹地退化形成的阳性生境,因此可作为高海拔地区皆伐迹地植被恢复中先锋灌木种.图2表1参21     

Comparison of Ground Water Bacterial Cell Sizes from the Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Areas of Mysore District, Karnataka State, India

A two-year study on temporal variations in the ground water heterotrophic bacterial cell sizes of free living bacteria(FLB)and particle bound bacteria(PBB)from the agricultural,domestic and industrial areas was carried out from Februar y2005 to January 2007.The overall mean cell length of FLB and PBB was similar in all the ground water studied.However,the season wise grouped data revealed significant seasonal changes in cell length of FLB and PBB,as smaller bacteria were noticed during rainy season in the ground water in agricultural area in both the years,and only in the second year of study in domestic and industrial areas.Generally,it was noticed that there were summer maximum and rainy minimum values of the cell length of PBB in the ground water in agricultural,domestic and industrial areas in the second year of study.The Pearson's correlations showed the presence of 8(in agricultural area),5(in domestic)and 3(in industrial) significant correlations with environmental(Physico-chemical)parameters,respectively.The regression analysis revealed that as much as 12%of variation in the mean length of FL Bwas due to NO3( )in agricultural area and 9%due to total solids( )indomestic area.However,the 8% variation in bacterial cell size of FLB was due to Mg( )in industrial area.Whereas,13%variation in mean length of PBB was due to S04( )in agncultural area and 10%due to total anions of strong acid(TASA)( )in domestic area.Furthermore,10% of variation Was due to PO4( )in industrial area.Thus,the statistical analysis revealed that several environmental variables were potentially responsible for some of the temporal variations in aquatic heterotrophic bacterial cell size,suggesting probably the stressed environment in these ecosystems.     

Using the maximum principle of impulse control for ecology-economical models

In this work we present mathematical models for population of single cohort and homogeneous animals. Investigating these mathematical models, we determine structure of optimal impulsive control which used maximum principle for optimal processes with impulse control.     

Current Trends in Plant and Animal Population Monitoring

Abstract:  Animal and plant population monitoring programs are critical for identifying species at risk, evaluating the effects of management or harvest, and tracking invasive and pest species. Nevertheless, monitoring activities are highly decentralized, which makes it difficult for researchers or conservation planners to get a good general picture of what real-world monitoring programs actually entail. We used a Web-based survey to collect information on population monitoring programs. The survey focused on basic questions about each program, including motivations for monitoring, types of data being collected, spatiotemporal design of the program, and reasons for choosing that design. We received responses from 311 people involved in monitoring of various species and used these responses to summarize ongoing monitoring efforts. We also used responses to determine whether monitoring strategies have changed over time and whether they differed among monitoring agencies. Most commonly, monitoring entailed collection of count data at multiple sites with the primary goal of detecting trends. But we also found that goals and strategies for monitoring appeared to be diversifying, that area-occupied and presence–absence approaches appeared to be gaining in popularity, and that several other promising approaches (monitoring to reduce parameter uncertainty, risk-based monitoring, and directly linking monitoring data to management decisions) have yet to become widely established. We suggest that improved communication between researchers studying monitoring designs and those who are charged with putting these designs into practice could further improve monitoring programs and better match sampling designs to the objectives of monitoring programs.     

鄱阳湖水体细菌群落组成及遗传多样性

利用建立细菌16S rRNA基因文库和限制性内切酶长度多态性(RFLP)分析的方法,对鄱阳湖南、北湖区水体的细菌多样性进行了研究. 结果表明,鄱阳湖水体细菌多样性较高,且南湖区2007年水体的细菌多样性明显高于其2006年水体和北湖区水体. 主要细菌组成分析表明,鄱阳湖水体中的349个阳性克隆代表的167种基因型分别属于十大细菌类群,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在4个克隆文库中占据了47%～81%,数量极其丰富,尤其是亚型的β-变形菌为优势菌群; 拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)也广泛分布,且有2.9%～17.1%的克隆数属于未分类细菌. 研究结果进一步提示鄱阳湖水体有一定程度的富营养化.      

Mathematical modelling for conservation and management of gorgonians corals: youngs and olds,could they coexist?

Gorgonian corals are long-lived, slow-growing marine species dominating Mediterranean rocky bottoms. Endowed with complex morphologies they give a structure to the whole community, moreover, being efficient suspension feeders, they play a key role in plankton-benthos energy flow and CO₂${\text{CO}}_2$ storage. Thus, the structure and the development of benthic, hard bottom communities are linked to gorgonian survival. The red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a precious gorgonian endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Harvested and traded world-wide since ancient times red coral is a clear example of overexploited marine resource. This species is structured into self-seeding, genetically differentiated populations, some of which, living in the shallower part of the species bathymetric distribution, was recently affected by anomalous mortality events linked to global climate change. The co-occurrence of overharvesting and mass mortality could dramatically affect such populations. Demographic population models, widely applied by conservation biologists to check population viability and to project population trends over time are fundamental to foster survival of such populations matching harvesting to population growth rates. Therefore we set out a dynamic model of a genetically differentiated red coral population living in shallow waters. This population is characterised by small/young, crowded colonies and high recruitment rate. On the basis of the size–age structure determined for this population, a static life-history table, in which survival and reproduction coefficients of the different size–age classes were reported, has been set out. Demographic data were included in a non-linear, discrete, age-structured dynamic model, based on a Leslie-Lewis transition matrix. Our field data indicate that the recruits-to-larvae ratio is actually density-dependent. Such dependence, positive for low and negative for high density values, was included into the model and the effect of colonies of different size–age classes on recruits-to-larvae ratio was considered to be proportional to the number of polyps they have. We applied such model to simulate the trends of the studied population under different increases of survival and life-span. As some populations of gorgonians actually show the dominance of sparse, big/old colonies and low recruitment rate, while others are characterised by crowded, small/young colonies and high recruitment rate, we simulated the shift from the former to the latter structure increasing survival and life-span. Our results suggest that a dramatic mortality increase of bigger–older colonies (due, in the case of red coral to overfishing) could have determined the population structure we found.     

蚯蚓/铈锰改性生物炭对As污染红壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的影响

在明确铈锰改性生物炭(MBC)和赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)联合修复可有效固定红壤As的前提下,采用高通量测序技术,探讨MBC与赤子爱胜蚓联合作用对As污染红壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓与生物炭/MBC单一和联合处理中,细菌多样性指数均以单一蚯蚓处理下最高,而单一生物炭、MBC的施用均...     

Cd对前沟藻(Amphidinium hoefleri)生产二甲基硫(DMS)影响的实验研究

为了探讨Ｃｄ污染对海藻ＤＭＳ生产的可能影响,以模拟实验方法,为期３周进行Ｃｄ对海洋甲藻类的前沟藻（Ａｍｐｈｉｄｉｎｉｕｍ ｈｏｅｆｌｅｒｉ）生产ＤＭＳ的实验室研究。结果表明,Ｃｄ可以抑制前沟藻种数数量的增长,对照组藻细胞最大数量是高浓度组（１０ｍｇ／Ｌ）的２５倍;Ｃｄ可以促进前沟藻细胞生产ＤＭＳ,其中高浓度组细胞ＤＭＳ产率大约是对照组的１０倍;Ｃｄ对藻数量的抑制作用和对藻生产ＤＭＳ的促进作用共同作     

人口规模预测的GM(1，1)模型应用初探

本文以山东省人口统计数据为依据,运用灰色系统理论探讨和分析了灰色建模基础数据的前滤波作用对模型精度的影响。结果表明,前滤波可极大提高模型预测值的精度