An alternative supercritical fluid extraction system for aqueous matrices and its application in pesticides residue analysis

Abstract

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a rapid and convenient method for the isolation of organic compounds from environmental samples. This paper describes a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) extraction system that uses a newly designed extraction cell to recover organic compounds from an aqueous matrix. Analysis of the extracts by gas chromatography‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) indicated that the herbicide trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) could be quantitatively extracted by using the SFE system proposed with small amounts of sample. The percentage of recovery obtained with the SFE system described was twice as high as the result obtained using a conventional solid‐phase extraction technique. Extraction by SFE was completed in a short period of time using a simple and low‐cost home‐made system that did not require the use of organic solvents.     

影响除雾器带浆量2个因素的三维模拟研究

湿法烟气脱硫系统(WFGD)中除雾器是一个十分关键的设备.我们利用CFD三维软件模拟计算研究最顶端喷淋层与除雾器之间距离(D)以及空塔速度(V)对进入除雾器浆液量(M)的影响.结果表明,M与D成幂指数关系,而与V成线性关系.此外,进入除雾器的浆液粒径分布可以用Rosin-Rammler分布来拟合.     

Increase of 210Po levels in human semen fluid after mussel ingestion

Polonium-210 (²¹⁰Po) radioactive concentrations were determined in human semen fluid of vasectomized non-smoker volunteers. The ²¹⁰Po levels ranged from 0.10 to 0.39 mBq g⁻¹ (mean: 0.23 ± 0.08 mBq g⁻¹). This value decreased to 0.10 ± 0.02 mBq g⁻¹ (range from 0.07 to 0.13 mBq g⁻¹) after two weeks of a controlled diet, excluding fish and seafood. Then, volunteers ate during a single meal 200 g of the cooked mussel Perna perna L., and ²¹⁰Po levels were determined again, during ten days, in semen fluid samples collected every morning. Volunteers continued with the controlled diet and maintained sexual abstinence through the period of the experiment. A 300% increase of ²¹⁰Po level was observed the day following mussel consumption, with a later reduction, such that the level returned to near baseline by day 4.     

降低FCC再生烟气NOx排放助剂的实验室评价

通过采用ACE装置与烟气NOx分析仪器联用的实验室评价方法,可在更接近实际催化裂化反应-再生过程的条件下,评价助剂对再生烟气中NOx的催化转化性能,同时还可考察助剂的加入对催化裂化产品分布的影响.采用该方法对几种降NOx助剂的性能进行了评价,结果表明,在催化剂体系中含有Pt基CO助燃剂的情况下,加入4%的RDNOx助剂后,烟气NOx降低幅度约30%～40%,且催化裂化产品分布基本不受影响.     

Effects of water washing on removing organic residues in bottom ashes of municipal solid waste incinerators

Due to their potential toxicity and odourous nature, the residual organics in municipal solid waste incinerators are recently gaining attention as an important issue of resources recovery apart from their complex mixture of organic counterpart. Studies of the organic fractions in municipal solid waste incinerator residues have been limited. In this study, extended solid-phase extraction of the water-washed bottom ash and liquid-phase extraction of the washing water were carried out with regard to bottom ash samples from three mass-burning incinerators in Taipei County (Taiwan) during four consecutive seasons of year 2008-2009. Supercritical fluid extraction and Soxtec extraction techniques along with GC-MS were successfully used to characterize the residual organics in weathered and washed bottom ashes. Supercritical fluid extraction provided the quantification of aliphatics and aromatic compounds such as hexanoic acid and benzaldehyde, respectively. Soxtec extraction was useful for qualitative analysis of aromatic and aliphatic groups in the ashes and many of which were odourous and toxic compounds. By mixing one unit weight (g) bottom ash with two unit volume (mL) water for 15 min, total organic carbon in the bottom ash was greatly reduced (e.g., from 4.1 to 1.8 wt.%). Among the removed were foul odour-causing compounds such as pyridine and quinoline derivatives, while some aromatic compounds such as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and low-molecular-weight aliphatics such as hexanoic acid remained. The results here suggest that washing with water can be an effective pre-treatment step for removing odour-causing and environmental concerned organics.     

土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附作用研究

分析了钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中吸附的机理,对吸附量和有机负荷的关系进行了阐述;针对钻井废水有机污染物在土壤中的吸附和解吸过程进行了实验研究。实验表明:钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中的吸附量与土壤有机负荷的关系符合初始质量等温线;土壤中天然有机质含量越高,对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附能力越强;土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物具有一定的持久吸附作用;天然有机质含量越高的土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物的持久吸附能力越强。     

庙平9井大位移水平井钻井技术

庙平9井位于松辽盆地南部新庙油田庙22区块,区内大部分区域处于松花江内或江湾,由于环境因素的影响,直井无法实施,本区采用水平井整体开发。庙平9井水平井在钻井技术和安全管理方面精心组织,克服了水平井段（大斜度井段）长,井眼轨迹控制困难、井壁易垮塌、携砂困难、起下钻摩阻大、下油层套管困难、固井水泥环质量控制难、钻具事故几率大等困难,不仅避免和降低了井下事故的发生,且施工井满足开发要求,同时进行简化钻具结构和安全管理技术措施等方面取得了显著效果,为该区块水平井安全钻井工艺技术总结出几点结论及认识。     

土壤中结合态苯氧羧酸类除草剂的测定

利用超临界ＣＯ２流体萃取的方法提取２甲４氯(ＭＣＰＡ),２,４－Ｄ和除草醚在三种土壤中的结合残留．结果表明,在培养２００ｄ的时间内,ＭＣＰＡ的结合残留量为１．０ｌ－５．１２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的２．０－１０．１%;２,４－Ｄ的结合残留量为０．２４－２．６５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总量的０．５－５．３%;除草醚的结合残留量为６．５３－１９．３０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１,占添加总邑的１２．９—３８．２%．农药结合态与游离态含量的比值随时间的延长而增加．     

用离线超临界流体萃取—气相色谱＼质谱考察兰州市大气层中有机污染物

按照功能分区布点濡兰州市选择火车站,盘旋路,中山桥,化物所六楼楼顶,西固街区,兰炼厂区,雁滩乡和兰山山顶八个点采集大气气相有污染物样品,燕在２２．０ＭＰａ,８０℃用甲醇改性的ＣＯ２萃取,ＧＣ／ＭＳ进行定性定量分析,结果表明,最高含量在兰厂区处,最低为兰山山顶。同时发现雨天的污染情况明显低于晴天,而在一日中下午污染最严重,夜晚较低。     

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫和循环流化床干法脱硫技术应用比较

对目前火电厂所用的石灰石—石膏湿法和循环流化床干法脱硫技术的原理和工艺进行了简单介绍,对石灰石—石膏湿法和循环流化床干法2种脱硫技术从运行技术参数、投资运行费用、脱硫效率、各自优缺点等几个方面做了简单比较,并对循环流化床法在新疆的应用前景进行了分析。