医务人员职业健康危害及其关键控制环节

通过查阅、分析大量文献,结合实际工作经验,系统阐述了医务人员面临的主要职业危害因素,并针对我国医务人员职业危害现状和防治工作中存在的主要问题,提出防治关键环节和措施。分析表明:我国医务人员职业暴露危害严重;医务人员的生命质量和平均寿命低于普通人群;医院职业卫生立法和技术标准滞后;防治措施不力,医务人员职业健康权益得不到有效保护。同时指出对医务人员职业危害防治的关键措施:必须通过加强科学研究、制定法规标准、建设医院安全文化、加强宣传教育和培训、推广免疫接种和防护技术、科学设计工作流程、加强心理疏导等关键措施,有效防治医务人员职业健康危害。     

人的不安全行为对高危行业从业人员安全评价的影响研究

从危险源、事故隐患的理念出发,定义安全工程中"不安全人"的概念;提出了某些从业人员由于生理心理上的影响,因而有其不可控制性;存在着不可控制的隐患,需要进行基于定量方法的测量、辨识和评估。在现代安全工程需要安全评价的基础上,建立一套全新的针对高危行业从业人员的安全评价方法,是对目前的安全评价的有益补充。     

全员参与在双重预防机制中的重要性及应用

为了更好地推进双重预防机制建设,确保其实施的有效性,基于全员参与双重预防机制建设的重要性,以中航锂电科技有限公司集成车间为例分析了全员参与的实施效果。结果表明:实施全员参与双重预防机制建设后,非安全员每月发现的危险源和隐患数量平均占总数量的50%以上,最高可达79%;事故数量比上一年降低75%。全员参与对双重预防机制建设的有效性,起着决定性作用。     

Flammability estimation of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

Ionic liquids (ILs) are known as room temperature molten salts, which are considered green replacement to traditional organic solvents. The fire hazards of traditional organic solvents mainly depend on the combustibility of their vapors, thus ILs are generally regarded as nonflammable owing to their low volatility. However, recent studies show that ILs may combust due to the potential hazards of thermal decomposition, indicating the issue of fire and explosion of ILs are eager to be evaluated during the applications. In this study, the fire and explosion hazards of IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C₆mim][NTf₂]) are explored in different aspects. The traditional definition of the flammability for the common organic solvent is not thoroughly applicable to [C₆mim][NTf₂] due to the low volatility. Furthermore, the common definition of reactivity for traditional organic solvents also fails to apply, because the decomposition reaction is indeed an endothermic reaction. However, the auto-ignition of some decomposition products will result in fire and explosion hazards for [C₆mim][NTf₂]. Therefore the application of such data in safety purposes should be very careful.     

综合危险性指数法在东港区地质灾害易发区划分中的应用

本文考虑了引发地质灾害发生的自然因素和人为因素,选用了影响地质灾害发生的地质条件、地形地貌条件、气候植被条件、人为条件、地质灾害规模、分布密度、活动频次、险情这8个因素作为地质灾害综合危险性指数法的评价因子,对东港区的地质灾害进行易发定量评价,将东港区划分为地质灾害高、中、低和非易发区四个等级。     

职业危害风险管控技术在煤化工装置中的应用研究

通过对甲醇装置的现场调查、工程分析,运用职业危害风险评估技术,开展了煤化工装置职业危害风险辨识及控制措施研究,识别出生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素,结合检测资料,分析了其危害程度,并提出控制措施。装置存在的职业病危害因素主要有煤尘、一氧化碳、甲醇、硫酸、氨、硫化氢、二氧化硫、氢氧化钠、噪声。针对危害情况,从卫生工程、个体防护、职业卫生管理等方面提出危害的关键控制点实施风险管控,为防控煤化工企业职业病危害提供科学依据。     

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV₁/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV₁ was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.     

Influence of the milling tool setup on occupational safety in furniture making

One of the most serious causes of accidents in furniture making is kickback of machined material. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the milling tool setup on hazards associated with kickback in furniture making. The speed of kickback was accepted as the measure of these hazards. The experiment involved controlled changes in milling tool setup, projection of cutting knives over the body of the milling tool, number of cutting knives and clearance angle. Multifactor analysis of variance was applied to the results of individual experiments, showing statistically significant factors and their interactions. Inspection and analysis of traces left by the cutting knives of the tools on the test pieces made of wood materials supported inferential statistics. The obtained results verified some common opinions and ideas on the impact of the milling tool setup on the hazards resulting from kickback in furniture making.     

焊接作业中的危害因素及防护

结合国内外焊接作业中安全管理的特点及石油化工施工企业的实际管理经验,对金属焊接作业中存在的潜在危害进行了分析,并提出了减少和避免这些危害的有效措施.     

四川盆地红层找水打井工程与防灾减灾

在对四川盆地红层区找水打井工程和地质灾害调查研究的基础上,从红层区有利于崩塌滑坡发生的地形地貌、地质结构以及红层区斜坡变形破坏特征等方面阐述了红层区崩滑地质灾害发育特点,论述了地表渗水和地下水对红层斜坡变形破坏的影响、疏排水在红层区崩塌滑坡防治中的重要作用,论证了红层找水打井工程与崩塌滑坡防灾的联系,提出了纽层打井工程区的防灾减灾对策。