城市重大危险源免疫机制研究

为了更好地管理和控制城市重大危险源,在建立城市重大危险源的应急管理网络模型的基础上,利用生物免疫系统网络和城市重大危险源管理网络的相似性,采用生物免疫系统的相关理论和方法,对城市重大危险源的免疫机制进行了研究;根据城市重大危险源应急管理网络模型和城市重大危险源免疫机制,建立城市重大危险源应急网络的免疫模型,为加强对我国城市重大危险源的管理提供策略和方法。     

重大危险源定量风险评估技术研究

系统分析了危险化学品生产装置、设施或场所重大危险源辨识、分级及定量风险评估（QRA）技术,建立了危险化学品重大危险源定量风险评估技术方案;确定了“影响距离”法和“选择数”法进行设备单元选择的技术方法及设备失效模式选择原则;论述了事故后果分析、频率分析及风险计算的技术原理、方法和实施途径;解析了危险化学品重大危险源定量风险评估应实现的目标。     

饮用水反复烧开对水质的影响

以致癌物质亚硝酸盐为代表的反复烧开水的危害引起了公众的广泛关注,有报道说水在反复烧开的过程中亚硝酸盐的质量会增加,喝反复烧开的水对身体有害。为澄清这一问题文章以符合国家标准的自来水为研究对象,考察了沸腾次数和放置间隔时间对水质的影响。检测指标包括总氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、硬度、溶解性有机碳,通过多次实验发现:符合国家标准的自来水反复烧开后未检测到亚硝酸盐的存在,即便人为加入一定量的亚硝酸盐,在烧水过程中其质量也没有发生变化;烧开的水不喝放置48h并不影响水质;溶解性有机碳的质量从2.3mg上升至2.9mg,但随沸腾次数增加和放置时间的延长略有所下降至2.6mg;物料平衡表明,所有指标浓度的上升是由于蒸发浓缩所致,没有显示出生物化学作用。     

论噪声污染及其控制

噪声是全球性的主要环境污染之一,已成为一种重要公害,必须加强治理;文中阐述了噪声及噪声污染的危害,提出控制噪声污染的防治对策及其基本途径。     

Perspectives on social capacity building for natural hazards: outlining an emerging field of research and practice in Europe

Social capacity building for natural hazards is a topic increasingly gaining relevance not only for so-called developing countries but also for European welfare states which are continuously challenged by the social, economic and ecological impacts of natural hazards. Following an outline of recent governance changes with regard to natural hazards, we develop a heuristic model of social capacity building by taking into account a wide range of existing expertise from different fields of research. Particular attention is paid to social vulnerability and its assessment, as well as to risk communication and risk education as specific strategies of social capacity building. We propose to distinguish between interventionist and participatory approaches, thus enabling for a better understanding of existing practices of social capacity building as well as their particular strengths and weaknesses. By way of conclusion, we encourage more research on social capacity building for natural hazards in the European context which at present is highly diverse and, at least in parts, only poorly investigated.     

改进的专家评体系在长输管道风险评价中的应用

结合国内环境条件、运行状况和管理水平等实际情况,对长输气管道指数法风险评价体系进行修正,并举出了应用实例。     

炼化企业装置检修期间职业病危害因素分析与控制

目的分析及控制炼化企业装置检修期间职业病危害因素。方法选择某炼化企业正在检修的6套装置及污水处理系统,在40个检修现场设置113个采样点,进行职业病危害因素识别、检测及个人防护情况调查。结果氨、乙二醇、环氧乙烷、硫化氢、苯、甲苯、二甲苯浓度不超标。焦炭尘、电焊尘、锰及其无机化合物、噪声指标超过国家职业卫生标准,超标点主要在焊接、清洗除焦、吹扫等作业。参加检修人员个体防护用品佩戴不合格。结论应建立炼化企业装置检修期间职业卫生管理制度,加强检修期间的职业卫生监督,做好检修人员职业病防治工作。     

Reaction hazards of triethylaluminum under closed conditions

We evaluate the reaction hazards of triethylaluminum (TEA) under closed conditions for safe treatment of aluminum alkyls. The explosive reactions of TEA are difficult to be estimated using thermal analysis because the estimate reactions are too slow under these conditions. The results of our closed vessel tests and chemical equilibrium calculations show that the TEA and water system mixture in closed conditions decomposes into lower-molecular-weight compounds than the products by using well-known hydrolysis of TEA. The present work also demonstrates that large temperature and pressure increases could occur because of the existence of TEA and aluminum hydroxide. Since aluminum hydroxide contains water as alumina hydrates, aluminum hydroxide could have been the source of water at high temperatures and could have contributed to the mixed reaction between TEA and water.     

Societal risk assessment of major hazard installations using QuickRisk

QuickRisk is a quantitative risk assessment tool developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory for use in assessing societal risk around onshore major hazard installations to inform land-use planning decisions. It uses release scenario information, parameterised consequence models, weather data, and population data from the National Population Database (NPD).This paper describes enhancements to the NPD methodology to include workplace populations. It describes the novel numerical, graphical and geographical representations of societal risk produced by QuickRisk. F–N data are analysed in terms of scenario FN curves and Delta PLL vs. N curves, where PLL is potential loss of life. The Delta PLL curves could be useful for comparison of FN curves against FN criterion lines or other FN data on a PLL basis. Geographical representations generated from PLL density maps show: the distribution of PLL dominating release scenarios or the percentage of risk contributed by the PLL-dominant release scenario, the maximum number of fatalities associated with the worst-case event, and the associated release scenario. Geographical representations are also generated of the maximum population that would meet a PLL density criterion, and the relative population change that would match a given PLL density criterion.These novel representations of societal risk could be useful for more effective communication between stakeholders on the risk levels in the vicinity of major hazard installations.     

天然气开采危险有害因素辨识及风险评估

作为清洁能源的天然气,对生态环境的改善、经济的发展和人们生活质量的提高具有重要的作用,天然气需求量的增加给天然气开采带来了了巨大压力。天然气开采属于高危、高技术含量的作业,开采的整个过程伴随有诸多风险,极易发生突发性有害事故,且处理棘手。挖掘并分析天然气开采潜在危险有害因素,对于提前做好突发事故预警预防、事故应急处置和救援等都具有重大现实意义。结合近年来天然气开采大量事故资料,从事故发生发展的过程出发,提出了天然气开采危险有害因素辨识的原则、步骤,从设备缺陷、管理操作、外界环境三方面分类汇总了天然气开采危险有害因素,并提出一种适合天然气开采的危险有害因素风险评估方法,从而对危险有害因素分级预防和控制。