苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

酸活化赤泥催化臭氧氧化降解水中硝基苯的效能研究

以铝工业废物赤泥为原料,采用酸化的方法活化赤泥,提高其在多相催化臭氧氧化除污染体系中的催化活性,并对其催化臭氧除污染效能及机制进行探讨.研究发现,和赤泥原矿相比,酸化赤泥表现出十分显著的催化能力;酸化赤泥(RM6.0)催化臭氧氧化硝基苯的去除率随臭氧浓度的增加而增加;当臭氧浓度由0.4 mg.L-1增加至1.7 mg.L-1时,硝基苯的去除率由45%提高到92%.溶液pH对RM6.0催化体系利用臭氧能力的影响与其催化臭氧氧化降解NB的影响表现出一致的结果.初始pH变化所带来的RM6.0催化活性的变化,主要是由于体系中氢氧根浓度的变化,导致臭氧分解形成羟基自由基所致;过高pH值导致的羟基自由基的猝灭显促使RM6.0催化臭氧氧化NB活性的降低.通过RM6.0对臭氧的利用能力及羟基自由基抑制实验结果发现,RM6.0催化臭氧降解NB的主要作用机制是催化剂表面吸附臭氧,实现臭氧在催化剂表面的富集,进而实现对NB有机污染物的氧化降解.在这个过程中羟基自由基是存在的,主要是在臭氧与硝基苯在界面氧化过程中分解而成,并进一步氧化NB.     

Enhanced ozonation of dichloroacetic acid in aqueous solution using nanometer ZnO powders

Nanometer zinc oxide (ZnO) powders were used as a catalyst to enhance the ozonation for the degradation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in aqueous solution. The batch experiments were carried out to investigate the e ects of key factors such as catalyst dosage, ozone dosage, solution pH and tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) on the degradation e ciency of DCAA. Density functional theory (DFT) was adopted to explore the mechanism of generating hydroxyl radical (.OH) on the ZnO surface. The results showed that adsorption and ozonation processes were not e ective for DCAA removal, and the addition of ZnO catalyst improved the degradation e ciency of DCAA during ozonation, which caused an increase of 22.8% for DCAA decomposition compared to the case of ozonation alone after 25 min. Under the same experimental conditions, the DCAA decomposition was enhanced by increasing catalyst dosage from 100 to 500 mg/L and ozone dosage from 0.83 to 3.2 mg/L. The catalytic ozonation process is more pronounced than the ozonation process alone at pH 3.93, 6.88, and 10. With increasing the concentration of t-BuOH from 10 to 200 mg/L, the degradation of DCAA was significantly inhibited in the process of catalytic ozonation, indicating that ZnO catalytic ozonation followed .OH reaction mechanism. Based on the experimental results and DFT analysis, it is deduced that the generation of .OH on the ZnO surface is ascribed to the adsorption of molecule ozone followed by the interaction of adsorbed ozone with active sites of the catalyst surface. It is also concluded that ZnO may be an e ective catalyst for DCAA removal, which could promote the formation of .OH derived from the catalytic decomposition of ozone.     

Photoreductive degradation of sulfur hexafluoride in the presence of styrene

Sulfur hexafluoride （SF6） is known as one of the most powerful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Reductive photodegradation of SF6 by styrene has been studied with the purpose of developing a novel remediation for sulfur hexafluoride pollution. Effects of reaction conditions on the destruction and removal efficiency （DRE） of SF6 are examined in this study. Both initial styrene-to-SF6 ratio and initial oxygen concentration exert a significant influence on DRE. SF6 removal efficiency reaches a maximum value at the initial styrene-to-SF6 ratio of 0.2. It is found that DRE increases with oxygen concentration over the range of 0 to 0.09 mol/m^3 and then decreases with increasing oxygen concentration. When water vapor is fed into the gas mixture, DRE is slightly enhanced over the whole studied time scale. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） analysis, prove that nearly all the initial fluorine residing in the gas phase is in the form of SiF4, whereas, the initial sulfur is deposited in the form of elemental sulfur, after photodegradation. Free from toxic byproducts, photodegradation in the presence of styrene may serve as a promising technique for SF6 abatement.     

超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚的机理

在超声波/零价铁体系中,以五氯酚为目标污染物,分别对各种形态铁离子浓度和羟基自由基表观生成率进行了定量测定,探讨了超声波与零价铁的协同作用机理.结果表明,在超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚过程中,同时存在超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用和零价铁的还原作用,其中超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用占主导,零价铁大大地促进了该体系羟基自由基的生成.同时,采用气相色谱.质谱联用仪测定中间产物,并结合相关研究推测,超声波/零价铁降解五氯酚主要是通过羟基自由基的氧化脱氯、五氯酚氧自由基的自身耦合,以及零价铁的还原脱氯3种降解途径完成的.     

Effect of illumination intensity and light application time on secondary organic aerosol formation from the photooxidation of α-pinene

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from hydroxyl radical (OH.) initiated photooxidation of α-pinene was investigated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was measured using aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer. The effects of illumination intensity and light application time on SOA formation for α-pinene were evaluated. Experimental results show that the concentration of SOA particles increased significantly with an increasing of illumination intensity, and the light...     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化苯乙酮的研究

研究了蜂窝陶瓷对臭氧化降解苯乙酮效率的影响.结果表明,蜂窝陶瓷显著提高了臭氧化降解苯乙酮的效率,叔丁醇的试验表明该体系遵循.OH氧化机理.蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的动力学可分为2个阶段,第一阶段的表观动力学常数为8.77×10-4s-1,Rct为10.34×10-10;第二阶段的表观动力学常数为4.63×10-3s-1,Rct为172.34×10-10.基于降解过程的色度变化和水样原子吸收的分析结果,结合降解动力学可以推测:降解过程中蜂窝陶瓷催化剂中Ti4+的溶出是苯乙酮降解效率提高的主导因素.     

MnO2/FeOOH复合材料对水中U(Ⅵ)的去除及机理试验研究

采用化学沉积法制备了二氧化锰/羟基氧化铁(MnO2/FeOOH)复合材料,并将其用于吸附去除水中的放射性重金属铀。通过静态吸附试验,考察了Fe/Mn物质的量比、pH值、吸附时间和干扰离子等因素对MnO2/FeOOH吸附U(Ⅵ)效果的影响,利用扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料结构和形貌进行表征,并分析其吸附机理。结果表明,在投加量为150 mg/L、温度为30℃、U(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、pH值为5、Fe/Mn物质的量比为1/2及吸附时间为120 min的条件下,MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的去除率最大可达97.7%,且pH值对铀去除效果的影响最为明显。MnO₂/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线均能符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,且最大吸附容量达260.34 mg/g。干扰离子试验表明,SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和Fe³⁺对MnO₂/FeOOH吸附U (VI)几乎没有影响,而Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺具有明显的抑制作用,且抑制随浓度的增大而增强。FTIR和XPS分析表明MnO2/FeOOH对U(Ⅵ)的主要作用机制为表面羟基、Mn-O与铀的配位作用。因此,MnO2/FeOOH可作为一种潜在的铀吸附材料。     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中痕量硝基苯的机理研究

实验考察了HCO3-、CO32-、HPO42-、H2PO4-和叔丁醇等羟基自由基抑制剂存在条件下,单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对水中硝基苯降解效果的影响规律,初步推测了反应机理.结果表明,2种工艺对硝基苯的去除率都随着HCO3-浓度的增加(0～200 mg·L-1)先增高再降低,在浓度为50 mg·L-1时去除率达到最大值;单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷对硝基苯的去除率随着CO32-浓度的增加(0～20 mg·L-1)分别降低了16.57%和27.52%,随着HPO42-浓度的增加(0～12 mg·L-1)分别降低了13.61%和17.52%,随着H2PO4-浓度的增加(0～120 mg·L-1)分别降低了6.61%和12.52%,随着叔丁醇浓度的增加(0～10mg·L-1)硝基苯去除率降低了30.06%和46.09%.证明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的降解遵循·OH氧化机理,叔丁醇更适合作为自由基抑制剂用来推断单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化降解硝基苯的反应机理.单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯的去除率随着pH值的升高(3.02～10.96)而增大,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化对硝基苯的去除率在pH=9.23时达到最大值.