Detonation flows in aluminium particle gas suspensions,inhomogeneous in concentrations

A physical and mathematical model of the reduced kinetics is presented describing heterogeneous detonation in suspensions non-uniform in particle concentration. The model is based on the heterogeneous media approaches, semi-empirical laws of ignition and combustion, and data on the dependence of the detonation velocity on particle concentration. Formation of suboxides and incomplete combustion of aluminum are taken into account integrally. The dependence of the heat release of chemical reactions and the fraction of unburnt particles on the initial composition is determined from the solution of the stationary problem of the structure of the detonation wave. In the calculations of unsteady detonation flows, it is supposed to solve an additional equation for the spatial distribution of initial concentrations. The problems of initiation and development of cellular detonation in flat channels in suspensions of micron-sized aluminum particles are studied. Dependences of the cell size on particle concentration in uniform suspensions are determined. The flow patterns of cellular structures, the forms of the leading front, and the propagation velocities in channels with longitudinal or transversal gradients of particle concentration are analyzed.     

Fractionation and solubility of cadmium in paddy soils amended with porous hydrated calcium silicate

Previous studies have shown that porous hydrated calcium silicate （PS） is very effective in decreasing cadmium （Cd） content in brown rice. However, it is unclear whether the PS influences cadmium transformation in soil. The present study examined the effect of PS on pH, cadmium transformation and cadmium solubility in Andosol and Alluvial soil, and also compared its effects with CaCO3, acidic porous hydrated calcium silicate （APS） and silica gel. Soil cadmium was operationally fractionationed into exchangeable （Exch）, bound to carbonates （Carb）, bound to iron and manganese oxides （FeMnOx）, bound to organic matters （OM） and residual （Res） fraction. Application of PS and CaCO3 at hig rates enhanced soil pH, while APS and silica gel did not obviously change soil pH. PS and CaCO3 also increased the FeMnOx-Cd in Andosol and Carb-Cd in Alluvial soil, thus reducing the Exch-Cd in the tested soils. However, PS was less effective than CaCO3 at the same application rate. Cadmium fractions in the two soils were not changed by the treatments of APS and silica gel. There were no obvious differences in the solubility of cadmium in soils treated with PS, APS, silica gel and CaCO3 except Andosol treated 2.0% CaCO3 at the same pH of soil-CaC12 suspensions. These findings suggested that the decrease of cadmium availability in soil was mainly attributed to the increase of soil pH caused by PS.     

纳米X型沸石制备及其对含铜废水处理

采用水热合成法以煅烧高岭土为原料合成了纳米级X型沸石分子筛,并采用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征.研究了影响纳米X型沸石分子筛对Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的因素,包括纳米X型沸石分子筛用量、pH值、接触时间和温度.结果表明:投加0.4 g纳米X沸石分子筛,在pH为5.0、温度为25 C、吸附时间为10 min情况下,去除率达到99.65%,最大吸附量可达101.4 mg/g.采用0.5 mol/L的Na2EDTA能较完全洗脱纳米级X型沸石分子筛所吸附的Cu(Ⅱ),表明纳米级X型沸石分子筛能循环使用,可应用于含铜废水的处理.     

Ca2+、Al3+对聚丙烯酰胺在高岭土絮凝过程中作用的影响

在实验条件下,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺离子对高岭土的絮凝过程有不利影响,且pH越高Ca²⁺的影响越大,pH越低,Al³⁺的影响越大.运用分子轨道(MO)理论、溶液化学计算、电子探针测试等手段,研究探讨了其作用机理.认为在酸性和中性范围内,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺离子及它们的羟基络合正离子与聚丙烯酰胺之间的相互作用造成后者分子链发生卷曲,导致絮凝效果下降;而在pH>9范围内,Ca²⁺、Al³⁺的氢氧化物沉积在高岭土表面,阻碍或抑制了聚丙烯酰胺与高岭土之间的氢键作用.     

壳聚糖改性高岭土去除水中常见藻类的试验研究

采用壳聚糖改性高岭土去除水中常见藻类。结果表明:在沉降时间为3h、壳聚糖与高岭土的质量比为1∶20、高岭土投加量为20mg/L时,壳聚糖改性高岭土除藻效果最好,叶绿素a、藻细胞去除率分别达到97%、79%;壳聚糖改性高岭土除藻能力显著提高,沉降时间为10min时,藻细胞、叶绿素a去除率分别可达到67%、82%,沉降速率较快。     

Regimes and critical conditions of detonation propagation in expanding channels in gas suspensions of ultrafine aluminum particles

Under study are the regimes of detonation propagation in channels with linear expansion filled with monodisperse mixtures of oxygen and ultrafine aluminum particles of various loading; the methods of numerical simulations are used. The detonation combustion of submicron aluminum particles is described within the semi-empirical model of reduced kinetics with due regard to the transition from the diffusion-limited regime of combustion to the kinetic one. Waves of both planar and developed cellular detonation are considered as initial conditions. The characteristics of the main flow regimes are obtained and described: the subcritical (detonation failure), critical (detonation failure in some part of the channel) and supercritical (continuous detonation propagation). The maps of flow regimes in suspensions of 200-nm – 400-nm particles are presented in the plane of parameters: the channel width, expansion angle. The obtained critical conditions are similar to those observed in the gas detonation. The critical channel width linearly depends on the expansion angle up to a first critical value (35°–38°). Behind the second critical value (50°), the channel width is independent on the expansion angle. Between these values, there is an interval of nonmonotonicity similar to the detonation of micro-sized suspensions of aluminum particles. The effect of particle loading on the critical conditions in poor mixtures appears in the form of a sharp increase in the critical channel width, if the mass concentration falls below 0.25.     

用副产盐酸和劣质高岭土制备聚合氯化铝

开发出一种用废盐酸和劣质高岭土生产聚合氯化铝的方法。分别考察了焙烧温度，焙烧时间，盐酸用量以及酸浸时间对铝浸出率的影响。试验结果表明；依照该工艺生产的聚合氯化铝，其各项指标符合GB15892-95标准。     

高岭土对喹诺酮类抗生素吸附特性的初步研究

以高岭土为吸附剂进行2种喹诺酮类抗生素(诺氟沙星和环丙沙星)的静态吸附实验,考察平衡时间、初始浓度、pH值、阳离子种类与强度等对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,高岭土对诺氟沙星和环丙沙星的吸附过程均符合二级反应动力学方程,吸附速率常数分别为0.021 kg/(mg·h)和0.156 ks/(mg·h);诺氟沙星和环丙沙星可划...     

高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属去除水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G

采用液相还原法制备焙烧高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属（CK-Fe/Ni）。考察了在不同条件下,如pH、投加量、初始浓度、温度等,对负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响及动力学研究。结果表明：在pH=9.49、温度为30℃、负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量为1.05 g/L、搅拌速度为60 r/min,经过20 min反应后,负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。吸附和电镜表征结果表明,作为载体的焙烧高岭土起着吸附直接耐晒黑G和分散纳米铁镍双金属颗粒的作用导致反应活性提高。降解动力学数据表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属对直接耐晒黑G的降解过程符合伪一级反应动力学规律,速率常数k随负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量的增加而提高,表观活化能为19.72 kJ/mol。最后,利用高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属对废水处理,结果表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属在实际废水中对直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。     

生物膜及其组分对4-氯酚的吸附速率研究

研究了４－氯酚在生物膜不同组分上的吸附速率特征．本实验中生物膜不同组分包括生长有生物膜外壳的模拟水体悬浮颗粒物(高岭土)、细菌细胞、胞外多糖、高岭土及有胞外多糖存在的高岭土５个部分．结果表明,生物膜及其不同组分均对４－氯酚发生吸附,以细菌细胞更为显著,但它们的时间动力学过程不同． 在所研究的５种吸附体系中,生长有生物膜外壳的高岭上体系较快地达到近平衡状态．并且吸附时间过程受ｐＨ值的影响．