武陵山经济协作区低碳发展模式选择分析

建立武陵山经济协作区已成为国家的发展战略,选择适合的发展模式至关重要。把经济发展模式划分为传统的经济发展模式和低碳经济发展模式,并对武陵山经济协作区存在的这两种经济发展模式进行分析。从发展前景和政策支持方面考虑,该地区选择低碳发展模式是必然的。武陵山经济协作区发展低碳经济应从开发清洁能源、发展旅游业、转变观念等方面着手。     

低碳氮比进水AAO污水处理厂低碳运行

为探明低碳氮比进水条件下AAO污水处理厂的碳排放特征,提出可行的低碳运行策略,基于排放因子法对7座低碳氮比进水AAO污水处理厂(分为AAO组和AAO-MBR组)运行1a产生的碳排放进行核算与评价,对具有显著低碳表现的污水处理厂开展全流程分析剖析其碳减排途径.结果表明,电耗和N₂O排放是主要碳排放来源,分别贡献49.43%和25.75%的碳排放.AAO-MBR组以间接碳排放为主,电耗碳排放占至约60%,而AAO组生物作用导致的直接碳排放占主导. AAO组平均吨水比碳排放显著低于AAO-MBR组(0.47和0.79kgCO₂eq/m³),更具低碳运行潜力. 7座污水处理厂中,WWTP7各项比碳排放评价指标均为最低,意味着其最具低碳运行能力.充分利用进水碳源,多路径协同脱氮除磷同时精准控制溶解氧浓度避免过曝气是其大幅削减能耗和物耗,实现碳减排的关键路径.     

城市低碳发展路线图编制:技术要素与改进建议

着力推进低碳发展是中国特色新型城镇化建设基本要求之一。研究制定城市低碳发展路线图是系统推动控制本地区温室气体排放、建设低碳城市的必要条件。城市低碳发展路线图是根据城市市情,结合国家和地区发展战略,通过规划技术和解决方案,对城市发展转型所制定的低碳战略目标、发展规划、重点部门(行业)行动方案的全景式描述。低碳发展路线图的制定一般需要六个步骤,即了解温室气体排放现状,分析未来的排放情景,设定低碳发展目标,给出重点领域行动方案,评估技术/项目减排潜力,提出实施保障措施。本文根据城市低碳发展路线图编制实践,从部门管理的现实需求出发,建立了温室气体清单"七部门"的编制分析结构,使其与低碳发展重点领域,即IPCC七大重点减排领域对接,并将部门(行业)低碳适用技术需求评估纳入城市低碳发展路线图编制。为了促进温室气体排放清单和低碳适用技术需求评估更好地纳入城市低碳发展路线图编制,特提出三点改进建议:1发挥温室气体清单最核心的直接功能,需改进清单工具分析质量,科学、系统地分析城市温室气体排放的时间分布、部门分布,为城市低碳发展路线图制定和低碳发展决策服务。2发挥温室气体清单为规划、考核和决策服务的衍生功能,需要提升温室气体清单编制质量与时间序列上的连续性。3发挥温室气体清单的衍生功能,需要把改进的温室气体清单、低碳适用技术需求评估纳入低碳发展路线图编制之中。     

Discussion on the Mode of China＇s Low-carbon Society and Construction Routes

In responding to global climate change, the idea of low-carbon economy emerges as the times require. Developing low - carbon economy is based on the construction of low-carbon society. The so called ＂t...     

基于 LCA 的市域尺度稻田系统温室气体排放评估方法及实证：以台州市为例

开展稻田温室气体排放量化评估，明确稻田温室气体（greenhouse gases，GHGs）排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势，是推进农业绿色可持续发展的重要前提。基于生命周期评价法（life cycle assessment，LCA），筛选集成稻田CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放评估模型，提出市域尺度稻田GHGs排放核算框架，并量化分析2001—2017年台州市不同类型水稻GHGs排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）水稻单位面积碳足迹呈现上升趋势，单位产量碳足迹呈下降趋势；单季稻单位面积碳足迹最高（8467 kg∙hm⁻²，以CO₂计，余同），连作晚稻单位产量碳足迹最高（1.28 kg∙kg⁻¹）。（2）2001—2017年台州市水稻田GHGs排放总量呈下降趋势，从1110.52 Gg（以CO₂计，余同）降至557.23 Gg；2017年水稻GHGs排放主要集中于温岭市（131.39 Gg）、临海市（121.64 Gg），玉环市排放量最低（9.37 Gg），早稻和连作晚稻GHGs排放主要集中在温岭市，单季稻GHGs排放集中于临海市。（3）在农资投入碳足迹构成中化肥占比最大（50.46%），单位面积碳足迹结构中CH₄占比最大（75.26%）。通过展开在市域尺度上水稻GHGs排放的核算过程，旨在为农田系统的碳排放提供更加精细化的计算方式，并为寻找更有效的碳减排路径及农田系统的可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

Analysis of CO2 emissions peak: China’s objective and strategy

Establishing positive and urgent targets for CO₂ reduction and emission peak, and promoting energy conservation and energy structure adjustment are among the strategies to address global climate change and CO₂ emissions reduction. They are also means to break through the constraints of domestic resources and environment, and internal needs, to achieve sustainable development. Generally speaking, a country's CO₂ emission peak appears after achieving urbanization and industrialization. By then, connotative economic growth will appear, GDP will grow slowly, energy consumption elasticity will decrease, and energy consumption growth will slow down – dependent mainly on new and renewable energies. Fossil fuel consumption will not increase further. When CO₂ emission reaches its peak, the annual reduction rate of CO₂ intensity of GDP is greater than GDP annual growth rate; and the annual reduction rate of CO₂ intensity of energy use is greater than the annual growth rate of energy consumption. Therefore, three important approaches to promotion of CO₂ emission peak can be concluded: maintaining reasonable control of GDP growth, strengthening energy conservation to significantly reduce the GDP energy intensity, and optimizing the energy mix to reduce the CO₂ intensity of energy use. By around 2030, China will basically have completed its rapid development phase of industrialization and urbanization. Connotative economic growth will appear with the acceleration of industrial structure adjustment. The target of GDP energy intensity will still be to maintain an average annual reduction of 3% or higher. The proportion of non-fossil fuels will reach 20–25%, and the aim will be to maintain an average annual growth rate of 6–8%. The total annual energy demand growth of 1.5% will be satisfied by the newly increased supply of non-fossil fuels. The annual decline in CO₂ intensity of GDP will reach 4.5% or higher, which is compatible with an average annual GDP growth rate of approximately 4.5% in order to reach CO₂ emission peak. This corresponds to the level of China's potential economic growth. Achieving CO₂ emission peak will not impose a rigid constraint on economic development, but rather promote economic development and accelerate the transformation of green, low-carbon development. The CO₂ emission peak can be controlled with a cap of 11 billion tons, which means that CO₂ emission will increase by less than 50% compared with 2010. The per capita emission peak will be controlled at a level of less than 8 tons, which is lower than the 9.5 tons in the EU and Japan and much lower than the 20 tons in the US, future economic and social development faces many uncertainties in achieving the CO₂ emission peak discussed above. It depends on current and future strategies and policies, as well as the pace and strength of economic transformation, innovation, and new energy technologies. If the economic transformation pattern fails to meet expectations, the time required to reach CO₂ emission peak would be delayed and the peak level would be higher than expected. Therefore, we need to coordinate thoughts and ideas and deploy these in advance; to highlight the strategic position of low-carbon development and its priorities; to enact mid- to long-term energy development strategies; and to establish and improve a system of laws, regulations, and policies as well as an implementation mechanism for green, low-carbon development. Oriented by positive and urgent CO₂ reduction and peak targets, the government would form a reversed mechanism to promote economic transformation and embark on the path of green, low-carbon development as soon as possible.     

Mileage-based pricing insurance and its impact on China

Mileage-based pricing insurance,such as PAYD,is known as the"green insurance"because it is low-carbon and environmentally effective,which is the biggest innovation in the global auto insurance industry seen in the past decade.Starting from the perspective of economic externalities,vehicle negative externalities in China are described.In order to introduce mileage-based pricing insurance to the Chinese insurance industry,this paper reviews the current practice of PAYD insurance and its impacts on transport externalities,including air pollution,climate change,energy dependency,congestion,accidents,and others.Finally,enlightenment and policy suggestions are proposed,in the hope of better promoting the low-carbon economy development over the whole of China.     

低碳经济下洛阳市生态城市规划研究

"十三五"时期是推动城市向协调、开放、绿色、环保发展的新时期,这对重工业发达的洛阳来说是一个承前启后的时期.近些年来,洛阳市在城市化进程中所产生的城市生态环境问题日益突出.为了适应新时期的发展,文章对当前洛阳市生态城市规划与已有城市规划体系间如何实现有机融合做出思考,指出洛阳市城市规划必须走低碳经济之路,强调在城乡规划,绿色公共交通网络建立,污水管道规划,绿地规划等四个方面树立生态环境标准从而有效实现洛阳市生态城市规划.     

成渝经济区陆地植被碳储量动态及碳汇战略研究

利用卫星遥感数据,对2000年-2007年间成渝经济区耕地、森林和草地等陆地植被的碳储量进行了估算.结果表明:(1)7年间耕地和草地分别减少了2 388.89 km2和1 231.05 km2,林地增加了2 908.70 km2,其中耕地主要转出为林地和建设用地,草地转出主要为林地和耕地;(2)7年间成渝经济区碳储量呈逐渐增加的趋势,共增加了625.16万tC/a,年增长率为0.21%.其中耕地、草地碳储量分别减少了165.79万tC/a和933.87万tC/a,林地碳储量增加了1 724.81万tC/a.(3)结合碳储量变化的趋势,提出了以打造低碳城市为目标的成渝经济区碳汇战略.     

自驾游客对低碳旅游交通的意愿及其影响因素研究——以浙江舟山普陀金三角旅游区为例

运用问卷调查法和多分类Logistic回归模型,以舟山普陀金三角旅游区为案例地,对自驾游客对低碳旅游交通的意愿及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:在支持低碳旅游交通的939位自驾受访游客中,有25.77%的受访游客愿意选择旅游交通碳减排方式一(长途汽车),有35.46%的受访游客愿意选择旅游交通碳减排方式二(火车),有38.77%的受访游客愿意选择旅游交通碳补偿方式(交纳碳排放增量税用于植树造林).自驾游客旅游交通碳减少(碳减排和碳补偿)效果显著.各客源地用全部游客衡量,游客旅游交通的人均碳减少量处于12.548~28.516kg·人-1之间,短途客源地和中途客源地游客旅游交通的碳减少效果分别超过了50%和20%.客源地、学历、停留时间和收入对自驾游客选择旅游交通碳减排方式与选择旅游交通碳补偿方式具有显著影响.其中,个人年收入在10万元以上的自驾游客更愿意选择碳补偿方式.