关于排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的实现

随着对排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的理解逐步深化,排污许可在实践中不断深入推进。一是突破"片面覆盖",不再仅仅服务于总量控制和仅适用于部分地区;二是关注点从"排放"转移到"控制",实现污染物"全覆盖",从水、大气扩展到其他污染物;三是关注点从"许可"到"许可制",名录增加了登记管理类别,实现排污单位"全覆盖";四是关注点从"发证"到"监管",实现排污许可要求从纸面到实际的"全覆盖"。     

污染物总量控制制度创新与未来发展的思考

为解决污染物总量控制制度创新及与排污许可制的关系,探索我国未来水环境总量控制制度的发展方向,对美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区以及我国水污染控制的发展历程进行了回顾和对比研究.结果表明:①控制污染物排放总量是改善水环境质量的根本措施,排污许可制是水环境管理的核心手段.②我国水污染总量控制研究起始于20世纪70年代末的容量总量控制研究,先后经历了理论探索、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段,在管理上则经历了排污许可制试行阶段、制度探索阶段、总量控制目标责任制阶段.③我国目前实施的总量控制仍然是目标总量控制,难以与地表水质直接挂钩.对我国水环境保护形势和相关法律政策的研究表明,我国从污染源达标排放控制1.0时代、目标总量控制2.0时代,逐步进入容量总量控制3.0时代的条件已基本成熟.建议以排污许可制作为推进总量控制3.0的重要抓手,完善相关制度建设,严格问责机制,确保容量总量控制的真正落实.      

EXPERIENCE WITH THE 303-208-201 STUDY RELATIONSHIPS1

ABSTRACT: The current 201 study by the Bergen County Sewer Authority illustrates possibilities for improving the currently defined relationships between 201, 208 and 303 studies. The Bergen County Sewer Authority serves 115 square miles in northeast New Jersey, providing sewerage service to 507,000 people in 43 municipalities. Its STP discharges to the Hackensack River, a tidal estuary recently classified as Water Quality Limited, and which receives significant non-plant loading. The subject 201 study is concurrent with 208 and 303 planning by NJDEP. Preliminary evaluations show that detailed 201 work can affect the conclusions of 303 and 208 studies, and that a wider (environmental - social as well as economic) interpretation of cost-effectiveness can demand re-examination of prior assumptions and decisions, a task not typically part of 208–303 work. Increased flexibility is needed in applying 303 and 208 recommendations to defining 201 studies and NPDES permit criteria, particularly in analysis of water use objectives, water quality parameters and future flows, loadings and facility costs. Further, perception of alternatives can be clarified by broadening analysis of costs and control and plant strategies. Inclusion of 201 planning at all stages of regional planning can synergistically improve the total planning process.     

Best available techniques (BAT) for the fruit and vegetable processing industry

Best available techniques (BAT) are an important reference point in the environmental permit regulation for industrial installations in the European Union Member States, which have to implement the integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC)-directive (96/61/EC). BAT correspond to the techniques and organisational measures with the best overall environmental performance that can be introduced at a reasonable cost. In the Flanders part of Belgium, BAT are usually determined at the sector level. The ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry’ [BAT for Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry. Gent, Belgium: Academia Press, 1999] is one of the industries for which a BAT report has been drafted. In this paper, the main results of this study are presented. Special attention is given to the use of high quality water¹, as this is the key environmental issue of the industry.     

试论排污许可证制度在企业环境管理中的作用

以南京化学工业（集团）公司为例，介绍在企业中实行排污许可证制度，可有效地控制污染物排放，并改变以往污染物排放的末端管理为生产全过程控制，强化了环保法制观念，协调了管理工作与监测工作之间的关系，使环保管理工作由被动变成主动。     

中美水污染物排放许可证制度之比较

与美国的NPDES许可证制度相比较，我国水污染物排放许可证制度在法律依据、适用范围、管理体制、法律强制力等许多方面都存在缺陷。借鉴其先进经验，有利于促进我国水污染物排放许可证制度发展、完善。     

城市排水许可中污水处理厂权利保护问题研究

在城市排水许可中,切实保护污水处理厂的权利,不但是依法行政的必然要求,而且对于保障污水处理厂的正常运行,防治水污染意义重大。文章从界定污水处理厂在城市排水许可中的法律主体资格入手,论证其作为城市排水许可行政相关人的合理性与正当性;继而深入分析污水处理厂的权利体系;在阐述污水处理厂权利保护的理论根基和现实意义的基础上,从立法完善、行政制度和司法保护等三方面提出城市排水许可中污水处理厂权利保护的应对之策。     

An Analysis with the CERT Model of the FSU Market Power in the Carbon Emissions Trading Market

This paper aims to assess the consequences of the amendments made to the Kyoto Protocol during COP 7 in Marrakech. The major issue of hot air and CDM transaction costs is examined using the CERT model to show that primary supply regions, typically those with hot air availability, might control the emissions reduction permit supply market and maximise net export revenues of permit supply by withholding 40 to 60% of available hot air credits. The assumption that primary permit suppliers control permit price via a restriction of hot air supply to the market will inadvertently leave a portion of the market share open to non-Annex B CDM supply, despite potentially extreme variance in CDM transaction costs. A summary table of policy implications on the emissions reduction permit market is also included.     

The influence of building renovation and rental housing on urban trees

Urban forest ecosystems are complex and vulnerable social–ecological systems. The relationship between urban forests and housing is particularly variable and uncertain. We examine the influence of building renovation and rental housing on public trees at the parcel and street-section scale in a residential neighbourhood in Toronto, Canada. We use empirical data describing multiple tree inventories and government open data describing building permit applications to test for effects on urban forest structure, tree mortality, and tree planting. We found that the presence and number of building permits significantly predicted mortality at both scales, while planting was positively correlated with building permits at the street-section scale only. Multi-unit parcels had significantly lower rates of planting than single-unit parcels and multi-unit housing was positively correlated with mortality at the street-section scale. These findings suggest that where concentrated changes in housing stock are occurring, substantial losses of trees and associated ecosystem services are possible.     

市场方法在现代环境政策领域中的应用及其设计

在环境政策领域中,市场方法正迅速得到一些政府(尤其是美国)环境部门的重视和采纳.本文首先分析了该方法与传统管制手段的关系,然后介绍了各种市场方法的应用情况,最后对市场手段设计的技术原则进行了探讨.随着我国市场取向的经济体制改革的深入,市场方法将为我国的环境管理制度变革提供一项新的备选手段.