抚仙湖流域城镇污染分析及控制策略

对抚仙湖流域城镇生活污染、城镇径流污染及污水处理设施等进行了全面调查与分析,并提出了相应的污染控制策略。     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷研究

为了解山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷效应,对山城重庆的8场暴雨进行了径流全过程监测,并与平原城市作了对比分析.结果表明:TSS(总悬浮物)、COD和TP来自城市交通干道的贡献较混凝土屋面大,而TN、NH3-N两者相当;对于重金属,除Cd外,城市交通干道重金属的EMC(Event Mean Concentration)值均高于混凝土屋面.城市交通干道,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了53%±16%TSS,66%±10%COD,59%±2%TN,58%±2%NH3-N,51%±5%TP;而混凝土屋面,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了64%±20%TSS,66%±17%COD,55%±14%TN,52%±14%NH3-N,56%±3%TP,建议两类硬化下垫面至少以初期40%的暴雨径流作为控制量.与平原城市相比,山地城市交通干道初期40%的暴雨径流携带污染负荷TSS与COD的比例比平原城市分别高出16%和22%,初期冲刷效应更加明显.     

半干旱半湿润地区HSPF模型水文模拟及参数不确定性研究

本研究选取半干旱半湿润地区北京妫水河流域2005—2007年和2008年月径流数据为率定期和验证期,建立HSPF水文模型进行径流模拟,结合人工率定和PEST自动率定程序进行参数优选,并通过GLUE方法分析模型参数不确定性.通过Monte-Carlo随机采样得到30000组参数组合,分析参数与似然值散点图,把参数分为敏感参数(LZSN、AGWRC)、区间敏感参数(BASETP)和不敏感参数(AGWETP、INFILT、CEPSC、DEEPFR、UZSN、INTFW、IRC).针对比较敏感的参数LZSN、AGWRC和BASETP分析其相关性,发现LZSN和AGWRC相关性较强.模型存在大量"异参同效"现象,表明影响结果的是参数组合而不是单一参数.进一步计算90%置信度下的不确定性范围,发现不确定性范围与径流大小密切相关,径流愈大其不确定性范围愈大,反之亦然.本文对参数不确定的分析研究可为HSPF模型在区域尺度水文预测等提供参考和依据.     

降雨和土地利用对地表径流的影响-以北京北护城河周边区域为例

以北京北护城河周边区域为例,探讨了降雨和土地利用对地表径流的影响。选取了2011-2012 年4-11 月的15 场降雨,分别代表小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨这6 个雨量级。利用校准的雨洪管理模型（Storm Water Management Model, SWMM）分别模拟每次降雨事件下研究区7 个控制断面的地表径流深度。结果表明,地表径流深度随降雨量的增加显著线性增加。当降雨量在不同量级之间变化时,地表径流深度的变化幅度不尽相同。在不同的降雨事件中,降雨量和地表径流深度随时间的动态变化趋势可能有很大的差异,但地表径流深度在某一时刻的值的高低均决定于之前1~2 h 的降雨量,而地表径流深度的总体上升或下降趋势均决定于前期累积的降雨量。地表径流深度随渗透面积比例的增加显著下降,且变化曲线存在临界阈值（为15%~20%）。在暴雨、大暴雨和特大暴雨时,渗透面积比例对地表径流的影响更大。研究结果可为控制汛期城市地表径流量和洪峰流量、减少城市内涝提供土地利用和管理方面的理论依据和决策建议。     

3种生物滞留设计对城市地表径流溶解性氮的去除作用

城市地表径流溶解性氮(N)的有效控制具有挑战性.2015构建了3种不同设计的生物滞留设施:壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草(CB)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带(MB1)、壤砂种植紫穗狼尾草设置饱和带并添加10%木块(MB2).在模拟城市地表径流水文、水质变化条件下,研究3种生物滞留种植植物、设置饱和带以及添加碳源对城市地表径流溶解性N(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N)的去除作用.通过为期1年试验监测表明,在进水NH_4~+-N浓度平均值为(5.45±2.21)mg·L-1情况下,3种生物滞留对NH_4~+-N均具有显著的去除作用(去除率95%).基质吸附、硝化与植物吸收是生物滞留有效去除城市地表径流NH_4~+-N的主要途径.在进水NO_3~--N平均值为(5.88±2.32)mg·L-1情况下,CB、MB1和MB2出水NO_3~--N浓度的平均值分别为(4.04±2.64)、(0.84±1.18)和(0.26±0.48)mg·L-1,相应去除率分别为31.3%、85.7%和95.6%.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带以及添加碳源均可显著降低出水NO_3~--N浓度,减少NO_3~--N淋溶输出,提高NO_3~--N去除率.植物吸收和微生物反硝化是生物滞留去除NO_3~--N的主要途径.进水NO_3~--N浓度、水量、间隔天数是影响生物滞留出水NO_3~--N浓度的主要因素.生物滞留种植紫穗狼尾草、设置饱和带并添加碳源,在水文、水质变化情况下,仍可有效去除城市地表径流溶解性N.     

太湖上游城市宜兴城区主干道路径流污染特征解析

通过监测2015年8月—2016年9月7场典型降雨事件,系统分析太湖上游城市宜兴城区3个不同功能区(环科园、新城区和老城区)主干道路径流污染特征.研究表明:宜兴市城区主干道路径流浊度、COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP浓度分别为(77.2±66.9)NTU、(97.2±79.7)、(3.0±1.9)、(0.93±0.59)和(0.35±0.36)mg·L~(-1).COD和TN超出地表水环境Ⅴ类标准,是该地区径流特征污染物.降雨过程中污染物浓度整体呈下降趋势,伴随有不同程度的波动,主要受地表残留污染物及降雨强度的影响.3个区域TN浓度差异不大,且主要以溶解态存在(60%);环科园、新城区TP浓度差异不大,且主要以颗粒态存在(70%);然而,受居民生活活动的影响,老城区TP主要以溶解态存在(60%).此外,受交通及道路坡度影响,新城区道路径流浊度和COD污染最为严重.不同降雨事件径流污染物浓度变化较大,主要受干期长度和降雨强度的影响.干期长度越长、降雨强度越小,污染物累积量及可冲刷量越大.因此,加强控制宜兴市道路初期径流、路面颗粒物、径流颗粒物和TN以及老城区TP,对保护径流主要受纳水体南溪水系及太湖水体具有重要意义.     

CHARGES FOR URBAN RUNOFF: ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION1

ABSTRACT: Maryland officials have identified stormwater utilities as a potential method of financing programs to control nutrients in urban stormwater runoff that are proposed in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Plan. This paper reviews a number of issues related to the equity, efficiency and acceptability of user charge schemes. Overall, charges are found to be preferable to property taxes from both equity and efficiency perspectives. In addition, evidence suggests that elected officials will support creation of utilities. Obstacles to the implementation of utilities are identified.     

STREAM-CHANNEL INCISION FOLLOWING DRAINAGE-BASIN URBANIZATION1

ABSTRACT: Urbanization of a drainage basin results in pervasive hydrologic changes that in turn initiate long-term changes in stream channels. Increases in peak discharges and in durations of high flows result in either quasi-equilibrium channel expansion, where cross-section area increases in near-proportion to the discharge increase, or catastrophic channel incision, where changes occur far out of proportion to the discharge increases that initiated them. Field data and hydrologic modeling of rapidly urbanizing basins in King County, Washington, define conditions of flow, topography, geology, and channel roughness that identify streams susceptible to incision. Channel slope and geologic material are particularly critical; thus simple map overlays, nearly irrespective of contributing drainage area, provide a valuable planning tool for identification of susceptible terrain. Where such conditions exist, basal shear stress provides a quantifiable parameter for predicting likely problems, although knickpoints are typical in such settings and confound simple calculation of sediment-transport rates. Where urbanization proceeds in such areas, effective mitigation of the incision hazards requires a degree of stormwater control far in excess of standards typically applied to present development activity.     

HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DELAWARE RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The Thornthwaite water balance and combinations of temperature and precipitation changes representing climate change were used to estimate changes in seasonal soil-moisture and runoff in the Delaware River basin. Winter warming may cause a greater proportion of precipitation in the northern part of the basin to fall as rain, which may increase winter runoff and decrease spring and summer runoff. Estimates of total annual runoff indicate that a 5 percent increase in precipitation would be needed to counteract runoff decreases resulting from a warming of 2°C; a 15 percent increase for a warming of 4°C. A warming of 2° to 4°C, without precipitation increases, may cause a 9 to 25 percent decrease in runoff. The general circulation model derived changes in annual runoff ranged from ?39 to +9 percent. Results generally agree with those obtained in studies elsewhere. The changes in runoff agree in direction but differ in magnitude. In this humid temperate climate, where precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, decreases in snow accumulation in the northern part of the basin and increases in evapotranspiration throughout the basin could change the timing of runoff and significantly reduce total annual water availability unless precipitation were to increase concurrently.