正渗透处理生活污水过程中的膜污染研究

采用海水为驱动液,研究了正渗透处理生活污水过程中的通量变化和膜污染行为.结果表明,采用分离层朝向原料液(AL-FS)的膜过滤方向可以降低膜污染程度,并获得稳定的通量.长时间(144h)的运行下膜两侧均出现不同程度的污染.膜污染分析显示支撑层的污染程度较低.但海水中的硅酸盐可能在其表面形成沉积物.相比之下,分离层形成了厚的污染层,主要是由污水中的物质如有机物、微生物、胶体类、盐类等沉积在膜表面造成,是通量降低的主要原因.正渗透膜对营养物质具有高的截留率,运行结束后海水的总有机碳、氨氮和总磷含量为2.49,2.40,0.05mg/L.说明正渗透采用海水为驱动液处理生活污水具有一定的应用前景.     

Bisphenol A removal from synthetic municipal wastewater by a bioreactor coupled with either a forward osmotic membrane or a microfiltration membrane unit

Forward osmotic membrane bioreactor is an emerging technology that combines the advantages of forward osmosis and conventional membrane bioreactor. In this paper, bisphenol A removal by using a forward osmotic membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor that shared one biologic reactor was studied. The total removal rate of bisphenol A by the conventional membrane bioreactor and forward osmotic membrane bioreactor was as high as 93.9% and 98%, respectively. Biodegradation plays a dominant role in the total removal of bisphenol A in both processes. In comparison of membrane rejection, the forward osmosis membrane can remove approximately 70% bisphenol A from the feed, much higher than that of the microfiltration membrane (below 10%). Forward osmosis membrane bioreactor should be operated with its BPA loading rate under 0.08 mg·g^-1·d^-1 to guarantee the effluent bisphenol A concentration less than10 μg·L^-1.     

渗滤液浓缩液回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性研究

采用成都某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液浓缩液,对装填了填埋龄为15年垃圾的垃圾柱开展了回灌实验,研究了回灌负荷、回灌频次、回灌速度以及回灌方式对回灌出水盐分的影响;基于实验结果,利用一种新型的灰色绝对接近关联度分析方法进行建模,研究了回灌出水盐分对各参数的敏感性。研究结果表明:以0号垃圾柱的回灌出水盐分为基准,回灌出水盐分对回灌参数的敏感性大小为:回灌负荷(6 L/d)>回灌速度(24 L/h)>回灌负荷(4.5 L/d)>回灌频次(6次/d)>回灌频次(3次/d)>回灌方式(中央布水)>回灌速度(6 L/h)>回灌方式(分散布水),因此降低回灌出水盐分优先控制的因素为回灌负荷和回灌速度。     

Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

• The boron concentration in diluted DS can satisfy the irrigation water standard. • The boron concentration in diluted DS equaled that in two-pass RO permeate. • FDFO process SEC was slightly lower than the 2nd pass RO SEC. • FDFO has potential as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Desalinated seawater is an important alternative water source for sustainable irrigation. However, some issues of the current desalination technology hinder its use for agriculture irrigation, including low boron removal and high energy consumption. This study systematically explored the feasibility of employing fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) as an alternative to 2nd pass reverse osmosis (RO) by considering the boron removal performance and specific energy consumption (SEC). Different operating conditions were investigated, such as the boron and NaCl concentrations in feed solution (FS), draw solution (DS) concentration, pH, the volume ratio of FS to DS, membrane orientation, flow rate, and operating temperature. The results indicated that a low boron concentration in FS and high pH DS (pH= 11.0) decreased the boron solute flux, and led to low final boron concentration in the DS. The other operating conditions had negligible influence on the final DS boron concentration. Also, a lower flow rate and higher specific water flux with certain permeate water volumes were conducive to reducing the SEC of the FDFO process. Overall, our study paves a new way of using FDFO in irrigation, which avoids the phytotoxicity and human health risk of boron. The results show the potential of FDFO as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production.     

基于碟管式反渗透处理垃圾渗滤液的应用分析

为了在达标排放的基础上降低建设规模为Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类型(中小型)垃圾填埋场处理垃圾渗滤液的人工及成本投入,提高系统稳定性,分析了泗县垃圾填埋场2018年3~12月渗滤液处理的运行状况。通过采用“预处理+两级碟管式反渗透+吹脱”的高度自动化工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理。结果表明:使用该系统处理后出水COD_Cr浓度低于26mg/L,NH3-N浓度低于15mg/L,各项出水指标均满足排放标准的要求,系统自动化程度高、稳定性好、且工程总投入834万元、运行期间处理每吨渗滤液花费为56.18元,成本较低适用性好。     

煤化工废水反渗透处理系统的运行效果及膜污染分析

针对煤化工废水反渗透（RO）膜处理系统夏季严重污堵的问题,本研究以实际某煤化工污水处理厂一级两段式RO系统为考察对象,分析了系统运行效能及膜污染特征.研究发现,生化段稳定地实现了有机物的削减,离子交换树脂进一步保障了产水的脱盐率,促进实现高水回收率,是煤化工废水零排放的重要保障.但对膜系统而言,脱盐及有机物去除的主要负荷集中在RO过程,一段/二段RO脱盐率分别为94.16%和96.16%,COD去除率分别为68.12%和87.4%;相对进水,一段RO有机物浓缩了9倍,二段RO盐浓缩了5倍.因此,两段膜过程都出现显著的膜污染,一段RO以有机-微生物-硅污染为主,形成致密的污染层,由进口到出口逐渐增厚,主要为蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸;二段RO以Ca、Mg等的无机结垢为主,污染层结构相对松散,由进口到出口片状结晶逐渐增大.因此,预处理工艺的稳定运行及对污染物的去除以减轻RO过程的污染负荷是膜污染控制的关键;同时,针对RO系统中膜污染分布特征,制定杀菌、阻垢和化学清洗等膜污染控制策略以防止形成微生物抗性及"清洗剂抗性"具有重要意义.     

反渗透膜污染预测模型的改进

在反渗透非平衡热力学模型的基础上,从膜表面污染层阻力和浓差极化阻力的角度对常见的膜通量模型进行了探讨与改进,推导出了新的反渗透膜污染预测模型,为准确预测膜污染进程提供了理论支持。采用卷式反渗透膜装置对氢氧化铁胶体溶液进行处理,对模型计算值与实测值进行相关性分析,相关系数大于0.95。由此认为,改进的反渗透膜污染预测模型可用于计算运行过程中的膜通量。     

逆向物流与再生资源回收利用

逆向物流是重新挖掘产品使用价值,节约资源,保护环境,实施可持续发展的重要战略措施.论述了逆向物流与再生资源回收利用之间的关系,分析了再生资源企业开展逆向物流的优劣势,提出了再生资源企业参与逆向物流的模式.     

渗透法处理高盐废水的原理及工艺

为改观当前高盐废水处理成本居高不下的现状,以分析渗透法处理高盐废水的基本原理为基础,提出渗透法处理高盐废水的新工艺.以溶质氨的设计溶液为例,分析高盐废水处理的新工艺流程及工艺的可行性,并对比反渗透工艺,详细阐述新工艺的优点.分析认为,基于渗透原理的高盐废水处理工艺可降低高盐废水的处理成本,具有良好的应用前景.     

反渗透膜及其在城市垃圾渗沥液处理中的应用

对反渗透膜的发展过程、主要特性进行了综述,认为反渗透膜的应用处于高速成长期,具有广泛的应用前景.重点介绍了反渗透技术在国内外城市垃圾渗沥液处理中的应用.分析了反渗透技术的特点和优势,提出其在未来城市垃圾渗沥液处理中的发展趋势.