反渗透预处理技术探讨

反渗透是当今先进的水处理技术，为了满足反渗透膜对水质的要求，原水进入膜之前必须进行妥善的预处理，本文详细探讨了反渗透装置之前的各种预处理技术，并对其存在问题提出了优化思路。     

一个新的反渗透淡水含盐量计算公式

本文提出了一个新的反渗透含盐量计算公式。同原公式相比，新公式简单、参数少、计算容易且计算值准确。     

反渗透膜经济寿命分析

提出利用反渗透膜的经济寿命解决回用水水质控制不及时和反渗透膜更换浪费的问题.并提出通过应用经济寿命的分析方法来确定出反渗透膜(RO膜)的最佳更换时间.为了使所求得的经济寿命更为准确,RO膜的经济寿命模型中利用电导率和硬度对产水量进行回归预测.应用最佳更换时间解决回用水处理过程中可能出现的水质不稳定以及RO膜更换时间不确定而造成运行成本浪费的问题.     

矿井反风时期网域系统瓦斯运移仿真

为了解矿井反风时期矿井系统网域中瓦斯运移及其体积分数分布的变动,以九里山矿井为实例,运用TF1M3D进行仿真分析。根据反风时采空区瓦斯分布换向变化和涌出处在最低值期的特征,指出反风后系统瓦斯涌出源主要来自采煤工作面。模拟得到反风时期工作面瓦斯体积分数的变化规律是,在实施全矿反风后,工作面回风道的瓦斯重新回流至工作面,与工作面内涌出的瓦斯重复叠加形成体积分数高峰瓦斯风流,致使反风后原来进风巷中回风流瓦斯体积分数增高;反风刚开始时瓦斯体积分数陡增,待峰值过后,瓦斯体积分数逐渐呈阶梯式降低。模拟结果反映出反风时采煤工作面中回流瓦斯与涌出瓦斯形成二次叠加的存在性,而所产生的瓦斯体积分数高峰值与矿井回风网络系统的结构有关。高峰瓦斯风流影响矿井反风过程的安全性,因此不但应连续检测工作面的瓦斯体积分数变化,更应提前做好应对措施和技术预案。     

铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀性对比研究

目的评价淡水管路中常用铜合金的耐蚀性。方法采用浸泡试验、电化学测试等手段研究B10铜合金、TUP紫铜、铝青铜三种典型铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀情况,并通过正交试验方法对数据进行分析。结果室内浸泡试验中,铜合金的质量损失速率在0.01 mm/a数量级,B10质量损失最小。随着温度的升高,B10极化曲线的阶跃不再明显。通过正交分析,与TDS、水质硬度相比,温度对铜合金在淡化海水中的耐蚀性影响最大。结论在三种试验铜合金中,B10耐腐蚀性较好,在一级反渗透海水中高温时表面连续成膜能力降低,对基体的保护作用不再明显,且温度对B10耐蚀性影响较大。     

MBR技术在石化污水处理中的应用

根据锦西石化污水的性质，讨论了利用膜生物反应器与反渗透技术相结合，处理石油化工行业污水的技术路线。结果表明采用此工艺，对于可生化性差、污染物成分相对复杂的石化行业污水，经过处理后，水质稳定，品质高。     

垃圾渗滤液处理中膜污染的防治

膜污染及其防治是影响膜系统运行效果的重要因素.对运行1年多的利用膜技术的垃圾渗滤液处理工程进行了研究,从预处理、膜污染结构与形态、膜清洗等方面,探讨了防治膜污染的措施.研究表明,调整进水pH、过滤、添加阻垢剂等预处理措施可减缓膜污染的发生;膜面污染层的主要成分是有机物,并含有Al、Si等的胶体物质以及Fe和Ca的化合物;先碱洗后酸洗的清洗效果好于先酸洗后碱洗.工程中采用先碱洗后酸洗的措施是可行的,清洗后产水量由13.8 L/(m2·h)提高至17.0 L/(m2·h),产水电导率由117 μS/cm降至45μS/cm,进水压力由4.60 MPa降至3.40 MPa.     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

青海省自然保护区建设对生物多样性保护的作用

本文介绍了青藏高原青海省境内部分珍稀生物的生存状态,以及保护区的建设对保护生物多样性的作用。文章对青海省自然保护区的建设与发展提出了设想和措施。     

Water quality induced corrosion of stainless steel valves during long-term service in a reverse osmosis system

The current study analyzes the contribution of 10 water quality parameters (including pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, total organic carbon (TOC), alkalinity, calcium ions, chlorides and sulfates) to corrosion extent of stainless steel valves taken from different locations in a reverse osmosis system of a reclaimed water plant. The valves were in service for 5 years. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses are conducted to quantify corrosion products on different valves under various water quality conditions. On that basis, bivariate and multivariate regression analyses between the 10 water quality parameters and the corrosion extent of valve specimens (represented by metal loss percentage (MLP) values) are carried out to check the contribution of those water quality parameters to MLP. The results indicate that the proportions of metal oxides as corrosion products vary according to the corrosion extent of the valves. Although no linear correlation is found, all 10 water quality parameters except for pH show a significant positive correlation with the MLP values of the valve specimens. Moreover, results of multivariate regression suggest that the variation of MLP can be explained by turbidity, TDS, TOC and sulfates. A positive contribution of turbidity, TDS and TOC to MLP is observed, whereas the contribution of sulfates is negative. The results from the current work help to identify the reasons for water quality-induced failure of stainless steel equipment in RO systems.