垃圾渗滤液处理中膜污染的防治

膜污染及其防治是影响膜系统运行效果的重要因素.对运行1年多的利用膜技术的垃圾渗滤液处理工程进行了研究,从预处理、膜污染结构与形态、膜清洗等方面,探讨了防治膜污染的措施.研究表明,调整进水pH、过滤、添加阻垢剂等预处理措施可减缓膜污染的发生;膜面污染层的主要成分是有机物,并含有Al、Si等的胶体物质以及Fe和Ca的化合物;先碱洗后酸洗的清洗效果好于先酸洗后碱洗.工程中采用先碱洗后酸洗的措施是可行的,清洗后产水量由13.8 L/(m2·h)提高至17.0 L/(m2·h),产水电导率由117 μS/cm降至45μS/cm,进水压力由4.60 MPa降至3.40 MPa.     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀性对比研究

目的评价淡水管路中常用铜合金的耐蚀性。方法采用浸泡试验、电化学测试等手段研究B10铜合金、TUP紫铜、铝青铜三种典型铜合金在一级反渗透海水中的耐蚀情况,并通过正交试验方法对数据进行分析。结果室内浸泡试验中,铜合金的质量损失速率在0.01 mm/a数量级,B10质量损失最小。随着温度的升高,B10极化曲线的阶跃不再明显。通过正交分析,与TDS、水质硬度相比,温度对铜合金在淡化海水中的耐蚀性影响最大。结论在三种试验铜合金中,B10耐腐蚀性较好,在一级反渗透海水中高温时表面连续成膜能力降低,对基体的保护作用不再明显,且温度对B10耐蚀性影响较大。     

MBR技术在石化污水处理中的应用

根据锦西石化污水的性质，讨论了利用膜生物反应器与反渗透技术相结合，处理石油化工行业污水的技术路线。结果表明采用此工艺，对于可生化性差、污染物成分相对复杂的石化行业污水，经过处理后，水质稳定，品质高。     

光驱动水凝胶用于非常规水源处理的研究进展

近年来淡水资源短缺问题日趋严重,使用非常规水源作为淡水资源的补充受到了广泛关注.海水和大气水是非常规水源中很重要的组成部分,最近十年水凝胶逐渐被应用到处理这些水源的技术之中,如光热蒸馏、正渗透、水富集.由于水凝胶与水分之间独特的相互作用,使得水凝胶与之前所研究的水处理材料相比在吸水性能和脱水性能方面都具有极大的优势.此外,其在自然光照条件下就可以实现水处理工艺的运行,从而使得水处理过程更加低碳环保.本文首先介绍了海水淡化和大气集水方法的发展历程,之后分别介绍了水凝胶应用于海水淡化和大气集水方面近几年来的研究进展,从评价指标、处理原理、影响因素、净化能力等方面对各种处理工艺进行总结,最后提出了光驱动水凝胶用于非常规水源处理方法的研究前景.     

Water quality induced corrosion of stainless steel valves during long-term service in a reverse osmosis system

The current study analyzes the contribution of 10 water quality parameters (including pH, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, total organic carbon (TOC), alkalinity, calcium ions, chlorides and sulfates) to corrosion extent of stainless steel valves taken from different locations in a reverse osmosis system of a reclaimed water plant. The valves were in service for 5 years. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses are conducted to quantify corrosion products on different valves under various water quality conditions. On that basis, bivariate and multivariate regression analyses between the 10 water quality parameters and the corrosion extent of valve specimens (represented by metal loss percentage (MLP) values) are carried out to check the contribution of those water quality parameters to MLP. The results indicate that the proportions of metal oxides as corrosion products vary according to the corrosion extent of the valves. Although no linear correlation is found, all 10 water quality parameters except for pH show a significant positive correlation with the MLP values of the valve specimens. Moreover, results of multivariate regression suggest that the variation of MLP can be explained by turbidity, TDS, TOC and sulfates. A positive contribution of turbidity, TDS and TOC to MLP is observed, whereas the contribution of sulfates is negative. The results from the current work help to identify the reasons for water quality-induced failure of stainless steel equipment in RO systems.     

溶液浓差能驱动的逆电渗析有机废水氧化降解机理研究

将逆电渗析(RED)电极氧化还原反应作用于有机废水降解,可以达到利用低品位热氧化降解有机废水的目的.RED反应器阳极产生氧化反应生成的HClO及阳极表面直接电化学氧化反应对有机废水产生氧化降解作用,阴极发生电芬顿反应生成H_2O_2对有机废水产生氧化降解作用.为了验证溶液浓差能驱动的RED有机废水氧化降解工作机理,通过搭建一个由40对膜电池单元所构成的实验室规模的RED有机废水氧化降解反应器及相应的实验系统,对偶氮染料——酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水进行氧化降解机理研究.通过3次重复性实验研究发现:在通过正交试验确定的最佳降解条件下,浓度为150 mg·L~(-1)各500 mL的酸性橙Ⅱ模拟废水分别流经RED反应器阴、阳两极,阴、阳极12 min酸性橙Ⅱ平均降解率分别可达90.14%和97.87%,20 min酸性橙Ⅱ平均降解率分别达到97.56%和99.81%.初步研究结果表明,溶液浓差能驱动的RED反应器对难生化降解有机物有较好的降解效果,为后续相关理论和实验研究提供了参考依据.     

膜法技术在印染废水深度处理中的应用和研究

采用超滤-纳滤、超滤-反渗透2种膜集成工艺对印染废水二级生物法的处理出水进行深度处理,比较2种不同材料和结构的超滤膜预处理的效果,并研究了纳滤和反渗透对出水水质的影响.研究结果表明,作为纳滤和反渗透预处理的有效手段,超滤能有效去除部分COD.PES超滤膜综合性能较PVC超滤膜好;在深度脱盐方面,与反渗透膜相比纳滤膜在较...     

反渗透膜制终端直饮水的健康安全性考察

通过动态试验,考察了反渗透膜制终端直饮水系统对有机物、TDS、氨氮、UV254以及硝酸盐等的去除效果;同时分析了进水UV254与CODMn的相关性。试验表明:该系统对CODMn、TDS与硝酸盐氮的平均去除率分别为60%、95%和86%,出水的氨氮浓度基本为0;该系统对UV254的平均去除率为90%,可保证饮水水质安全;同时试验表明进水UV254与CODMn之间有一定的相关性。     

超滤+反渗透工艺深度处理钢铁厂综合污水

利用超滤+反渗透工艺深度处理钢铁厂经混凝沉淀处理后的综合污水,以制备脱盐水.设计能力为1 000 m3/h.进水水质总硬度为490 mg/L(以CaCO3计)、电导率为1 350 uS/cm,出水水质按脱盐率95%,总硬度为3 mg/L(以CaCO3计)、电导率为70 uS/cm,出水用于高炉、转炉及加热炉等高端水质用...