水中杀菌剂叶青双及其降解物的反相液相色谱测定

本文用反相液相色谱法测定水中叶青双及其降解物2-氨基5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑。平均回收率分别为91％和94％;对水样的最低检测浓度分别为2ppb和0.8ppb;叶青双与2-氨基-5-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑的分离度为2.5。本法在柱效和灵敏度上比硅胶柱液相色谱法有明显的提高。     

辽宁省地下水环境问题

为制定辽宁省地下水环境保护对幕提供科学依据，在辽宁省地下水问题调查的基础上，对辽宁省地下水超采、海水入侵、地下水污染环境变化趋势等进行了分析。     

流向变换反应器中Pd/Zr-Mn-O/载体催化剂对甲苯的催化燃烧

在流向变换催化燃烧反应体系中,通过操作参数(甲苯浓度、空速及切换周期)对热波形状与特征参数(波峰温度、平均温度和移动速度)影响的考察,结果表明,较佳的操作参数为:甲苯浓度800～3 200 mg/m3,空速2 000～12 000h-1,切换周期2～10 min,空速和甲苯浓度对热波移动速度的影响较大,热波波峰温度和反应器平均温度随着甲苯浓度的增加而增加,随着切换周期的缩短而升高,随着空速的增加先升高后降低,与固定床装置相比,在流向变换装置中催化剂的活性更高,甲苯去除率在96.5%以上。     

大港油田污水回用工程超滤反渗透设计

通过总结大港油田污水回用深度处理工程超滤反渗透系统设计思路,介绍了目前国际领先的"双膜法"污水回用深度处理技术.着重论述了该工程超滤反渗透单元以及各辅助系统如加药、反洗、化学清洗等系统的设计,研究并探讨了系统设计中膜污染问题的解决措施和思路.     

Ozonation as an efficient pretreatment method to alleviate reverse osmosis membrane fouling caused by complexes of humic acid and calcium ion

Humic acids (HA) didn’t cause obvious reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling in 45 h. Osmotic pressure (NaCl) affected slightly the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. Ca²⁺ promoted aggregation of HA molecules and thus aggravated RO membrane fouling. Ozonation eliminated the effect of Ca²⁺ on the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. The change of the structure of HA was related to its membrane fouling behavior. Humic acid has been considered as one of the most significant sources in feed water causing organic fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, but the relationship between the fouling behavior of humic acid and the change of its molecular structure has not been well developed yet. In this study, the RO membrane fouling behavior of humic acid was studied systematically with ozonation as a pretreatment method to control RO membrane fouling. Furthermore, the effect of ozone on the structure of humic acid was also explored to reveal the mechanisms. Humic acid alone (10–90 mg/L, in deionized water) was found not to cause obvious RO membrane fouling in 45-h operation. However, the presence of Ca²⁺ aggravated significantly the RO membrane fouling caused by humic acid, with significant flux reduction and denser fouling layer on RO membrane, as it was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). However, after the pretreatment by ozone, the influence of Ca²⁺ was almost eliminated. Further analysis revealed that the addition of Ca²⁺ increased the particle size of humic acid solution significantly, while ozonation reduced the SUVA₂₅₄, particle size and molecular weight of the complexes of humic acid and Ca²⁺ (HA-Ca²⁺ complexes). According to these results and literature, the bridge effect of Ca²⁺ aggregating humic acid molecules and the cleavage effect of ozone breaking HA-Ca²⁺ complexes were summarized. The change of the structure of humic acid under the effect of Ca²⁺ and ozone is closely related to the change of its membrane fouling behavior.     

反胶束体系中漆酶催化愈创木酚的研究

采用4种不同属性类型的表面活性剂(CTAB,Tween-80, AOT以及鼠李糖脂)构建反胶束体系,以木质素模式物愈创木酚为底物,研究了漆酶在反胶束环境中催化愈创木酚的特性,通过对不同反胶束环境中漆酶酶活的对比,确定在4种反胶束体系中,适合酶解反应的最佳表面活性剂浓度和对应的最佳含水率w0.分别为:CTAB浓度20mmol/L,w0=20;Tween 80浓度50mmol/L,w0=25;AOT浓度30mmol/L,w0=10;鼠李糖脂浓度10mmol/L,w0=30.并考察了表面活性剂类型属性对愈创木酚在反胶束体系中酶解行为的影响和底物动力学.结果表明,最佳表面活性剂浓度以及对应的最适含水率条件下,阴离子表面活性剂AOT和鼠李糖脂的反胶束体系中愈创木酚底物的催化效果较好,鼠李糖脂反胶束体系中底物的催化率最高,反应6h后分别比 CTAB、Tween-80以及AOT反胶束体系中的转化率高44.12%、34.6%、29.43%.     

Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure membrane systems

High-pressure membrane process is one of the cost-effective technologies for the treatment of groundwater containing excessive dissolved solids. This paper reports a pilot study in treating a typical groundwater in Huaibei Plain containing excessive sodium, sulfate and fluoride ions. Three membrane systems were set up and two brands of reverse osmosis (RO), four low-pressure RO (LPRO) and one tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested under this pilot study. An apparent recovery rate at about 75% was adopted. Cartridge filtration, in combination with dosing antiscalent, was not sufficient to reduce the fouling potential of the raw water. All RO and LPRO systems (except for the two severely affected by membrane fouling) demonstrated similar rejection ratios of the conductivity (~98.5%), sodium (~98.5%) and fluoride (~99%). Membrane fouling substantially reduced the rejection performance of the fouled membranes. The tight NF membrane also had a good rejection on conductivity (95%), sodium (94%) and fluoride (95%). All membranes rejected sulfate ion almost completely (more than 99%). The electricity consumptions for the RO, LPRO and NF systems were 1.74, 1.10 and 0.72 kWh?m^-3 treated water, respectively. The estimated treatment costs by using typical RO, LPRO and tight NF membrane systems were 1.21, 0.98 and 0.96 CNY?m^-3 finished water, respectively. A treatment process consisting of either LPRO or tight NF facilities following multi-media filtration was suggested.     

三峡水库支流回水河段氮磷负荷与干流的逆向影响

通过分析三峡库区大宁河回水河段氮磷的来源、数量及时空特征,研究三峡水库成库初期和稳定运行期,次级支流回水段受干流的逆向影响.结果表明,成库初期,支流回水段的氮磷分配特征初步呈现干流逆向影响效应,分别有19.05%TN、28.93%TP源于干流倒灌输入;由于干流顶托作用,氮磷呈现具峰值的空间分布特征.在稳定运行期,支流回水段的氮磷来源及数量将明显受干流逆向影响,在其中的藻类适宜生长期,大宁河回水段干流倒灌输入的TN、TP分别高出上游径流输入近3倍、10倍,明显高于成库初期.当运行水位从145m升至175m时,支流回水段纳受干流倒灌输入的TN、TP可分别达15484.99、1185.75t.研究表明,干流逆向影响可能加剧三峡水库水体的富营养化.     

松软突出煤层水平钻孔反循环气力排屑机理

为了解决顺层钻进瓦斯抽放钻孔成孔难的问题,提出了松软突出煤层瓦斯抽放钻孔钻杆内孔反循环气力排屑新技术,建立煤屑颗粒在钻杆内孔的反循环气力输送数学模型,经仿真求解,分析了输送压力损失及固相速度的变化规律。结果表明,在顺层水平钻孔钻进过程中,煤屑在反循环气力作用下,气流速度在钻杆内孔中上部比较稳定,而在钻杆内孔下部靠近内壁处的气流速度明显下降且小于中心区域;在同一位置输送浓度越大,气流速度也越大;在输送浓度不同的情况下,随着输送气流速度的增加,钻杆内孔的压力损失先降低再增高,在钻杆内孔反循环气力排屑时存在最佳经济速度。     

Fenton试剂处理反渗透浓水的实验研究

针对东北某石化企业炼油污水深度处理过程中产生的反渗透浓水的组成及特点,采用Fenton试剂对含难降解有机物的反渗透浓水进行了处理,系统地研究了VH2O2/VFe2+、反应时间、浓水初始pH、H2 O2投加量等因素对浓水中COD去除率的影响.研究结果表明,H2 O2投加量是主要影响因素,其次是浓水初始pH、反应时间以及VH2O2/VFe2+;在各因素较佳水平条件下,Fenton试剂可以有效去除反渗透浓水中的有机物,COD的去除率可以达到87.42%.大幅度降低其中难降解有机物含量,研究结果对企业废水达标排放及水资源的有效利用具有重要意义.