四川红层浅层风化带裂隙水水化学特征的聚类分析

四川红层盆地浅层风化带裂隙水是区内分布最为广泛和目前开采最多的浅层地下水类型,本文通过对大量控制性水样分析结果进行聚类分析,探讨了该地区浅层风化带裂隙水的水化学成分特征及其分布规律,结果表明区内91%以上的浅层风化带裂隙水为HCO3-型淡水,主要分布在中部方山丘陵小区、南部台状低山丘陵小区和东部侵蚀构造平行岭谷低山丘陵小区。该研究可为开发利用浅层地下水提供地学依据。     

海岸带含水层咸淡水界面随潮汐波动的数值模拟

在分析、研究了滨海地带含水层和不透水层的水文地质特性及含水层内的咸淡水渗流运动特征的基础上,运用数学推理的手法,建立了一种较为简单适用的模拟海岸带含水层咸淡水界面和天然地下水面变动规律的二维数学模型,通过该模型的计算值与实验值的比较,证明该模型的计算结果与实验结果有着非常好的拟合度,即该模型能较客观地揭示海水入侵引起的咸淡水界面的变化规律.其后,运用该模型系统的探讨了含水层以下为非平坦的不透水层的滨海地带天然地下水面、咸淡水界面伴随着潮汐的波动而变化的规律.即伴随着潮汐的波动,一方面天然地下水面和咸淡水界面与潮汐具有相似的振动波形,波动的幅度随离海岸距离的增加而减小.在海岸附近咸淡水界面的振幅大于天然地下水面的振幅,而在离开海岸一定距离后天然地下水面的振幅超过咸淡水界面的振幅.总体上天然地下水面的振幅呈负指数衰减,而咸淡水界面的振幅几乎呈直线衰减(其衰减直线的倾角在135～150 °之间变动),且潮汐波动对天然地下水面影响的范围远大于其对咸淡水界面的影响;另一方面天然地下水面和咸淡水界面波动的振幅及它们之间的相位差的大小还与天然地下水面的水力坡度、含水层的渗透系数、有效孔隙率、不透水层形状及其变动的幅度有关,但它们之间的相位差的大小与潮汐波动的幅度无关,其振幅与潮汐的振幅成比例增减.当不透水层的形状一定时,不论天然地下水面的水力坡度、含水层的渗透系数、有效孔隙率及潮汐波动的幅度怎么变动,天然地下水面、咸淡水界面振动的相位差的变化趋势及其峰值出现的位置几乎不变,即不透水层的形状决定着天然地下水面、咸淡水界面振动的相位差的变化趋势,而其大小与含水层的水文地质参数(水力坡度、渗透系数及有效孔隙率)密切相关.此外,当天然地下水面和咸淡水界面的振动存在相位和振幅的较大差异时,可以断定含水层以下存在非平坦的不透水层,且这种差异越大,不透水层凸凹不平的程度越高.     

地下水石油污染曝气治理技术研究

在石油开采区现场考察了地下水石油污染曝气治理效果.结果表明,现场土壤地质条件对曝气气流分布影响很大,气流分布并不与曝气井为轴对称,曝气井左侧影响距离达6 m,右侧仅为4 m;经过40 d的连续曝气,在气流分布密度大的区域,石油去除率高达70%,而在气流分布稀疏的区域,石油去除率只有40%,曝气影响区地下水石油平均去除率为60%;对曝气前后地下水中石油组分进行色质联机分析,表明石油去除效果与石油组分及其性质有关,挥发性高的石油组分容易挥发去除,而挥发性低的石油组分难于挥发去除,因此地下水石油污染曝气治理存在“拖尾效应”.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: Insights from stable isotope data

Achievement of at least “good ecological status” in all waterbodies under the EU Water Framework Directive by 2015 will in some cases be a challenge. The twin challenge is to manage expectations of policy makers for such waterbodies as to a realistic length of time required for improvement in water quality. Hence, understanding the source, transformation processes and residence time of nitrate in a hydrological system is an essential part of meeting such challenges. On a dairy farm with 24 shallow groundwater wells, the dual isotopic composition of nitrate (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) was used to clarify nitrate sources, to assess spatial and temporal variability in nitrate concentrations and to determine if and where denitrification was occurring. Vertical travel time was estimated to correlate nitrate concentrations with management practices. Organically derived nitrogen was the predominant source contributing to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Denitrification was identified as prevalent within specific regions of the study site. The distinct low temporal variability in the isotopic data suggests constancy among nitrate sources and processes over time across the study site. Vertical travel times of up to 3 years were estimated on site indicating the influence of recent management practices on nitrate concentrations. Very slow horizontal migration of groundwater (decades) indicates a legacy of older management practices. Stable isotope techniques, together with an understanding of time lag, provide an extra mechanism to test the efficacy of monitoring and mitigation programmes.     

人类活动对川东平行岭谷区岩溶地下水化学性质季节变化的影响

以川东平行岭谷区典型岩溶槽谷--北碚槽上为研究区域,通过对8月和11月的岩溶地下水水化学性质研究,发现槽上岩溶地下水的化学性质呈现明显的季节性：电导率、矿化度、SO42-浓度及HCO3-浓度都是8月大于11月,与气温和降水量的变化相对应,也与人类在8月份对土地利用的强度大于在11月份对土地利用的强度相对应。研究区地下水的化学性质与人类活动对土地利用的季节差异具有比较明显的对应关系,为进一步认识岩溶地下水的时间变化规律提供科学数据,也有利于认识人类活动对生态环境产生的影响,从而采取更加合理的措施来治理和保护岩溶地区有限的地下水资源,满足人们的生活和生产需要。     

基于微生物生物完整性指数的地下水生态系统健康评价:以包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统为例

生物完整性指数是水体生态系统健康评价的重要指标,已被广泛应用于湖泊河流等的生态系统健康评价中.但利用水体中分解者微生物群落构建IBI评价标准的报道很少,针对地下水生态系统的研究更是鲜见.本研究针对包钢稀土尾矿库周边地下水生态系统健康开展评价工作,基于地下水环境中微生物群落Illumina高通量测序信息,筛选关键环境因子,甄别敏感或耐受微生物分类属,确定候选生物参数,探索针对地下水的微生物完整性指数(microbiome index of biotic integrity,M-IBI)评价流程与标准构建方法.结果表明,总计12个地下水样点中,4个样点属于健康等级(Ⅰ级),占总样点的33.3%;2个样点属于亚健康等级(Ⅱ级),占总样点的16.7%;5个样点属于一般等级(Ⅲ级),占41.7%;1个样点属于较差等级(Ⅳ级),占8.3%;总体来看,靠近尾矿库的样点健康等级较低,而远离尾矿库参照点受到的干扰较小,健康等级较高,这可能与人类活动干扰影响程度密切相关.参照该地区地下水理化参数基础上的水质情况分析结果,发现应用M-IBI指数可较合理地评估包头稀土尾矿区周边地下水生态系统健康状况.结合生态系统健康内涵,本研究初步提出针对地下水生态系统健康的M-IBI指数评价体系构建流程.     

Efficient dechlorination of chlorinated solvent pollutants under UV irradiation by using the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets in aqueous phase

Titanium dioxide(TiO2), which is the widely used photo-catalyst, has been synthesized by simple hydrothermal solution containing tetrabutyl titanate and hydrofluoric acid. The synthesized product has been applied to photo-degradation in aqueous phase of chlorinated solvents, namely tetrachloroethene(PCE), trichloroethene(TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane(TCA). The photo-degradation results revealed that the degradation of these harmful chemicals was better in UV/synthesized TiO2 system compared to UV/commercial P25 system and UV only system. The photo-catalytic efficiency of the synthesized TiO2 was 1.4, 1.8 and 3.0 folds higher compared to the commercial P25 for TCA, TCE and PCE degradation, respectively. Moreover, using nitrobenzene(NB) as a probe of hydroxyl radical(.OH), the degradation rate was better over UV/synthesized TiO2, suggesting the high concentration of.OH generated in UV/synthesized TiO2system. In addition,.OH concentration was confirmed by the strong peak displayed in EPR analysis over UV/synthesized TiO2system. The characterization result using XRD and TEM showed that the synthesized TiO2 was in anatase form and consisted of well-defined sheet-shaped structures having a rectangular outline with a thickness of 4 nm, side length of 50 nm and width of 33 nm and a surface 90.3 m2/g. XPS analysis revealed that ≡Ti-F bond was formed on the surface of the synthesized TiO2. The above results on both photocatalytic activity and the surface analysis demonstrated the good applicability of the synthesized TiO2 nano-sheets for the remediation of chlorinated solvent contaminated groundwater.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

地下水中常见离子对纳米零价铁除Se（Ⅳ）动力学的影响

采用间歇实验对纳米零价铁(nZVI)除四价硒(Se(Ⅳ))进行实验性研究,考察了地下水中共存离子对nZVI除Se(Ⅳ)动力学的影响.结果表明,在厌氧条件下,当nZVI投加量为0.1 g·L-1,Se(Ⅳ)浓度为100μmol·L-1,NaCl浓度为0.01 mol·L-1,pH=7.0,T=25℃±1℃时,投加CO2-3或SO2-4浓度为1 mmol·L-1、腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)为5 mg·L-1时,明显抑制了Se(Ⅳ)的去除.投加0.5 mmol·L-1Ca2+或Mg2+时,对除Se(Ⅳ)影响不大;而Ca2+(3 mmol·L-1)、Mg2+(3 mmol·L-1)时,Se(Ⅳ)的去除效率明显下降.未加共存离子时,Se(Ⅳ)在20 min时基本去除完,共存离子存在的情况下,nZVI对Se(Ⅳ)的去除率在30 min时达到100%.反应过程中二价铁(Fe2+)随着Se(Ⅳ)的去除趋于平稳.ORP在反应过程中快速从正值下降至负值,由此说明nZVI除Se(Ⅳ)的过程发生了还原反应.