三阶段温度控制堆肥接种法对有机氮变化规律的影响

利用原生生活垃圾,通过三阶段温度控制技术进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中有机态氮组分的动态变化规律.结果表明,全氮、酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮均在堆肥的前期呈明显的下降趋势,呈较好的相关性.与CK（对照组）处理相比,在堆肥的后期,三阶段温度控制堆肥酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及酸解未知态氮含量呈不同程度的上升趋势,增加幅度依次为：10.67%、16.17%、7.17%、22.44%.表明三阶段温度控制技术能减少堆肥中氮素的损失,堆肥产品施入土壤后,可提高土壤的供氮潜力.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究

实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度（10～40℃）和溶液初始pH值（3.00～10.96）下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10^-3 s^-1升高到1.49×10^-3 s^-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10^-3 s^-1升高到2.46×10^-3 s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10^-3 s^-1增加到2.69×10^-3 s^-1,在pH值3.00～9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10^-3 s^-1增加到1.90×10^-3 s^-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10^-3 s^-1.     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器低温硝化研究

采用自行设计制作的新型一体化A/O生物膜反应器,研究了温度、进水碱度对反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,当反应器温度控制在20,15和10℃时,硝化率分别为98%,90%和60%.此时进水COD和TN浓度分别为100～150 mg/L和65～78 mg/L.总氮去除率分别为50%,30%和20%.当反应器温度控制在8℃,进水中不加有机碳源,随着进水碱度的增加,硝化率从72%提高到95%,在低温下取得了良好的硝化效果.当进水碱度为280 mg/L时,反应器各区出现亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝化率达到80%.详细分析了形成亚硝酸盐积累的原因.     

次氯酸钠氧化消除水中BPA的影响因素和动力学

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）的氧化消除及动力学规律进行研究,考察了加氯量、BPA初始浓度、pH值、Br^-浓度和温度各因素对降解效果的影响.结果表明,次氯酸钠对BPA的氧化降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学;pH值对该降解反应影响较大,当pH为8～9时,BPA与 HOCl的反应速率达到最大为0 .544 3　min^-1;溶液中存在Br^-会加快BPA的降解,并且其整体反应不符合拟一级动力学规律,随着Br^-浓度的增加,BPA降解得越快;温度对该降解反应的影响较大并且符合Van't Hoff规则,提高反应温度,有利于氯对BPA的降解.     

二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒效试验及影响因素

以水厂原水为试验水样,研究了二氧化氯对摇蚊不同龄期幼虫的毒性效果（24 h）,并考察了温度和接触时间对二氧化氯毒性效果的影响.结果表明,二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫具有极为显著的毒性作用,25℃时二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的24h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）为0 .41 mg/L.二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒力随幼虫龄期的增长而降低,1龄幼虫对二氧化氯最敏感,其中二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的LC₅₀是1龄幼虫的1 .78倍.二氧化氯的毒力在一定范围内符合正温度系数规律,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力在15～30℃范围内增加了2 .16倍.接触时间从12 h延长至24 h,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力增幅显著;当接触时间至36 h,与接触24 h相比毒力增幅不明显.     

低温硝基苯降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从被硝基苯污染的某河流底泥中分离到能在低温下生长并能以硝基苯为唯一碳源的7株细菌,其中菌株NB1在温度从2.5～35 ℃范围内时都可以生长并矿化20 mg/L的硝基苯,最适宜的生长温度为25 ℃左右;当培养温度为5 ℃时,该菌株在pH为6～9范围内可以快速降解20 mg/L硝基苯,偏碱性的条件比酸性条件更适合其生长;不超过100 mg/L的硝基苯可以被该细菌完全降解.通过生理生化反应特性、菌体形态以及16S rDNA序列测定结果,确定NB1为恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida).不同温度条件,特别是低温下该菌株对硝基苯的快速降解特性为低温环境硝基苯污染的生物修复提供了可能.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

UV-B辐射增强与秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸,研究了UV-B辐射增强和秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强20%使土壤呼吸速率降低了30.31%,秸秆施用使土壤呼吸速率提高了14.51%,UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用复合处理对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响.UV-B增强提高了施用秸秆的碳转化率.对照、UV-B增强、秸秆施用和UV-B增强+秸秆施用4种处理的土壤呼吸与土壤温度都存在极其显著的指数关系(p0.01),拟合方程的决定系数R2分别为0.434、0.563、0.451和0.513.土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q10值分别为1.55、1.91、1.80和1.71.可见,UV-B辐射增强、秸秆施用和UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用提高了大豆田土壤呼吸的Q10.     

潮汐流人工湿地低温下 NH4+ -N去除模型的比较和优化

针对目前人工湿地在低温条件下脱氮效能降低的问题,本研究对每天3个运行周期的潮汐流人工湿地在低温条件下对NH4+ -N的处理效能进行研究,同时利用表观动力学模型、多元参数回归模型及Monod机制模型对NH4+-N的去除过程进行拟合.结果显示,在平均水温为9～13℃条件下,每天3个运行周期的潮汐流人工湿地对NH4+-N有良...