铂、钯蜂窝催化剂高温老化对甲醇深度氧化的影响

本研究对铂、钯蜂窝催化剂及分别添加助化剂CeO_2或WO_3,并于500℃、700℃、900℃或1100℃下经受热老化4h后,考察催化剂比表面、晶相结构及其对甲醇深度氧化活性、产物分布及反应动力学网络变化的情况。实验证明,添加CeO_2后,降低了铂催化剂的耐高温性能,但对钯催化剂无明显影响。添加WO_3,降低了钯催化剂对甲醇的氧化活性。经X-线衍射分析证明,在1100℃高温下,WO_3与堇青石载体中的氧化镁和氧化钙发生强相互作用,生成了相应的钨酸盐。甲醇氧化反应动力学研究表明,甲醇在新鲜和高温热老化的铂催化剂上,反应动力学网络表示式是有区别的。     

废旧轮胎热解资源化研究

废旧轮胎热解资源化是近年来世界各国关注的热点。热解温度控制在４００～８００℃便能得到燃料油、炭黑、钢丝和燃料气。热解工艺简单，操作方便，投产１８个月能收回全部投资，经济效益可观，同时减轻废旧轮胎对环境的压力。废旧轮胎必将成为一种既有能源价值，更有资源价值的新兴资源，补充世界各国对资源的需求。     

Thermal regime database of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant cooler--Lake Drŭksiai

The hydrothermal regime of the Lake Druksiai has changedwhen it became a cooler for the Ignalina NPP. For 18 years, 1981–1998, the hydrologists from Lithuanian Energy Institute have been investigating thermal state of the lake. The water temperature data owned by the laboratory is unique as it has been collected sequentially during 18 yr under wide range of different weather and INPP capacity conditions. Gathered information consists of lake surface temperature, related meteorological data and INPP operating capacity data. This information enables not only to state that the relationship between hydrological and meteorological/INPP capacity data exists(that is already known) but also to analyze its character. The aim of this study was to build computer database for data analysis and management as well as to create digital maps for further modelling and forecasting. ArcView software package wasused for data set management and visualization.     

Use of Water Clarity to Monitor the Effects of Climate Change and other Stressors on Oligotrophic Lakes

We present evidence from studies oflakes in Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada that waterclarity is a key variable for monitoring theeffects of climate change, high UV exposure andacidification. In small oligotrophic lakes, thesestressors affect water clarity primarily byaltering the concentration of DOC in lake water. Clear lakes (<2 mg L^-1 DOC) proved to be highlysensitive indicators of stressors, exhibiting largethermal and optical responses to small changes inDOC. Extremely clear (<0.5 mg L^-1 DOC) acidic lakesshowed the effects of climate change and solarbleaching in recent decades. These lakes becamemuch clearer even though they were slowlyrecovering from acidification.     

Determination of Fish Community Composition in the Untempered Regions of a Thermal Effluent Canal – The Efficacy of a Fixed Underwater Videography System

High flows and deep waters associated with thermal dischargecanals invoke safety concerns and preclude the use of conventional fish sampling methodologies. Despite these challenges, it is critical that assessments of thermal effectsfrom power generation do not rely solely on data collected in the plume, but also focus on fish living in the canal, particularly in regions above the zone of tempering influence. We deployed a fixed underwater videography apparatus to monitor the community composition and abundance patterns of fish in the Nanticoke thermal generating discharge canal on the north shore of Lake Erie from February 1, 1999 until July 31, 1999. We also compared the number of species observed using video to angling surveys, visual observations through the air/water interface and two modified netting procedures. Our results indicate that videography permitted the detectionof the most species and the highest number of individuals. Variable visibility was the largest limitation of this approach. The addition of infrared lighting for low light conditions and a series of cameras positioned at several depths would be a cost effective, safe, and efficient method ofassessing community structure and behaviour of fish in thermal discharge canals.     

剩余污泥焚烧灰分磷回收及其技术进展

焚烧渐渐成为剩余污泥终极处理、处置方式,而焚烧产生的污泥灰分中又包括了污水中绝大部分（>90%）的磷.因此,从焚烧灰分中回收磷也为污水磷回收提供了最佳位点.从污泥灰分中回收磷已存在一些适用技术,但灰分中重金属含量对工艺选择有重要影响,这可能会限制灰分直接用作农作物肥料的可行性与价值.因此,磷提取并纯化是灰分磷回收的重要技术步骤,同时也需兼顾工艺经济成本与环境影响.为此,本文从磷提取与磷纯化角度总结了目前灰分磷回收技术的国际研发进展,涵盖生物法、湿式化学法和热化学法;分析比较了不同方法在技术经济、环境影响及适用灰分方面的差别.生物法行之有效、环境影响小,但完成磷回收时间漫长;湿式化学法研发、应用最为广泛,但对环境影响较大;与污泥焚烧统筹合建可使热化学法更具经济性.然而,3类不同技术工艺并不具有相互替代性,需根据灰分成分进行合理选择.此外,前端污水处理以及中端污泥前处理也应与末端灰分磷回收相结合,尽量避免过多化学药剂投加带来的污泥灰分金属含量增加.污泥单独焚烧亦是决定灰分磷回收效率的关键.欧洲政策已明显支持污泥焚烧并从灰分中回收磷,政策和做法值得我国借鉴、学习.     

电吸附技术去除水中磷酸盐离子的研究

水体富营养化是世界各国面临的重大环境污染问题.水中的磷酸盐作为水体富营养化的关键因素,如何有效去除日益引起研究者的关注.本研究利用电吸附技术处理水中PO_4~(3-)、HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~- 3种常见磷酸盐离子,并分析电吸附和脱附的特性及机理.实验得到电吸附处理K_3PO_4时,离子去除率最大,但脱附率最差,这严重影响电吸附电极的再生性.K_3PO_4溶液中存在大量的OH~-,炭电极对KOH产生物理吸附,该吸附类型比电吸附的双电层吸附难脱附.添加少量HCl调节磷酸盐的pH,减少OH~-,将溶液中PO_4~(3-)转化为HPO_4~(2-)和H_2PO_4~-,可以提高电极的脱附率,增加电极的循环使用效率,同时可增加溶液中磷含量的去除率.炭电极电吸附K_3PO_4+HCl溶液时,电极的再生性良好,连续循环四次,离子去除率由28.7%降为26.6%.     

临近空间飞行器防隔热/承载一体化热结构设计及力/热行为

目的满足临近空间飞行器对结构/热防护系统质量指标的苛刻要求,研制兼具轻量化与高效防隔热/承载一体化的热防护结构及系统。方法根据临近空间飞行器承力和防热两方面的要求,设计一种全复合材料防隔热/承载一体化热防护结构,采用地面高温环境试验,考查复合材料一体化热防护结构的抗烧蚀性能。建立一体化热防护结构的热响应和力学响应预报方法,以某飞行器机翼为研究对象,开展一体化热防护结构在机翼部位的应用研究,利用有限元方法进行热力耦合分析。结果一体化热防护结构高温热暴露后表面出现热解,但结构性能保持良好。结论设计的一体化热防护结构满足防热和承载两方面设计要求,是新一代飞行器的理想热防护方案。     

平流层飞艇昼夜驻空蒙皮热特性研究

目的分析平流层飞艇蒙皮在不同空速下的热特性,为平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的选择以及其驻空性能的分析提供参考和指导。方法基于CFD数值分析方法,建立外部热源模型,囊体内部自然对流和囊体外部强迫对流分析的综合方法。通过数值仿真分析典型飞艇在不同空速下的热特性,得出飞艇囊体内部的氦气平均温度随着热环境的周期变化,会产生周期性变化。结果在1m/s的较低空速下,飞艇昼夜氦气温差达到46 K,蒙皮昼夜最小温度出现在晚上,约为180 K,最大温度出现在正午时分,温度约为280 K。在10 m/s的空速下,飞艇昼夜氦气温差达到29 K,蒙皮昼夜最小温度约为190 K,最大温度为280 K。结论在飞艇设计中,蒙皮材料选择时考虑温度的影响。所建立的热分析方法以及得到的热特性,可为平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的选择提供参考和指导。     

Thermal modeling and analysis of novel twin-chamber community solar cooker as a replacement of biomass-based cooking

A novel design of twin-chamber community solar (TCCS) cooker is presented as a replacement of biomass-based cooking. The novelty of separating a single rectangular cooking chamber into separate twin chambers (of 1-m² aperture area each) improves the cooking performance as opening of one chamber for unloading of food cooked in lesser time (rice) does not disturb the stagnation temperature of the other chamber (pulses and meat) needing more time to cook besides resulting in reduction in side heat loss coefficient due to common wall. Aperture area and cooking volume of TCCS cooker are 9.54 and 35.33 times more as compared to single-chamber domestic solar (SCDS) cooker which makes it a community-scale large-capacity solar cooker. The developed solar radiation capture model and overall heat loss coefficient (U_l) computed for TCCS cooker have been used in a thermal model developed between various interactive components. First (F₁) and second figures of merit (F₂) values are 0.13 and 0.42, respectively, for TCCS cooker at par with ‘A’ grade category SCDS cooker. Techno-economic analysis shows that the net present value of TCCS cooker is Rs. 83,253 with break-even point occurring after cooking 43,461 meals with payback period of only 25, 50, and 72 months if used as a replacement for LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood-based cooking, respectively. Environmental impact analysis shows that the use of the proposed cooker can mitigate 2, 5.9, and 4.1 tonnes of CO₂ emissions every year by not burning LPG, cow dung cakes, and wood respectively.