Degradation of Starch–Calcium Carbonate Disposable Packaging in a Solid Waste Composting Facility

The compostability of starch–CaCO₃ disposable packaging was examined in a source-separated municipal solid waste (MSW) composting facility located in East Hampton, NY. Source-separated MSW:starch–CaCO₃ container mixtures of 0 (control), 5, and 20% (by volume) were prepared as feedstock for composting. Compost samples were collected weekly or biweekly during the composting process and examined for fragments of the starch–CaCO₃ containers. Changes in compost quality due to the presence of starch–CaCO₃ containers were assessed by measuring the nutrient and metal content of the three resultant MSW:starch–CaCO₃ composts. Finally, plant growth studies were conducted to examine the composts for possible plant growth inhibition due to the deterioration of the starch–CaCO₃ containers. Results showed that portions of the starch–CaCO₃ containers were not identified in any of the 5 and 20% sieved and characterized compost fractions > 1.3 cm following 1–3 weeks of composting. Mechanical agitation of the waste along with optimum composting conditions were sufficient to initiate the rapid degradation of the starch–CaCO₃ composites. Degradation of starch–CaCO₃ containers did not affect compost nutrient and trace element content. Grass biomass measurements were performed once weekly over 28 days for grass grown in control (0%), 5%, and 20% starch–CaCO₃-containing compost:soil mixtures. Significant differences in grass biomass for these compost:soil mixtures were measured only for the 0 and 20% starch–CaCO₃-containing compost:soil mixtures at 28 days (9.07 vs 11.05 g, respectively; P = 0.046).     

我国农药工业三废治理方法

详细介绍了我国农药生产中排放的废水、废气、废渣的常用治理技术,通过改进生产工艺和回收利用减少三废的实例,以及主要品系农药生产废水治理方法选择的思路。     

The effects on waste reduction and recycling rates when different components of the waste stream are counted

States differ in the components or solid waste management activities which they include when determining solid waste reduction and recycling rates. Thus, when attempting to draw comparisons among states, confusion arises in two ways: (1) use of two types of rates; and (2) use of different components or activities when calculating a given rate. This paper presents a mathematical basis for understanding the impacts on rate calculations when variations occur in the components and activities included in those calculations. Estimates of the incremental changes occurring in the rate calculations when incineration or selected components such as yard waste, construction and demolition wastes, and junked automobiles, are added to a base of municipal solid waste constituents are found using national data. Finally, the achieved rates reported by states counting different combinations are compared.     

Environmental Management of Human Waste Disposal for Recreational Boating Activities

/ A methodology to estimate the number of pump-out facilities and dump stations required to service human waste disposal for recreational power boating activities in Pennsylvania during the 1994 boating season is described. Study results suggest that a total of 39 additional pump-out stations and 13 dump stations may be required on seven major waterbodies: The Three Rivers Area, Lake Erie/Presque Isle Bay, Raystown Lake, the Susquehanna River, the Delaware River, Lake Wallenpaupack, and the Kinzua Reservoir. Suggestions for improving the methodology are provided. KEY WORDS: Human waste; Recreation; Power boating; Waste facilities; Waste disposal; Pennsylvania     

Public participation in plastics recycling schemes

Without public contributions, recycling from domestic waste would not be possible. In order to support recycling projects it is important to try to understand who recycles, how they recycle, and why they recycle. This paper presents the results of a structured survey of 500 members of the public served by schemes to collect plastics waste for recycling. Data were gathered on the characteristics, behaviours and motivations of recyclers. The authors also sought to discover how the public perceive plastics compared to other materials, and as a recyclable material. Responses were collected in such a way that the awareness of the recyclability of materials could be compared with the recycling behaviour of respondents. An element of comparison was introduced between those served by a system of bottle banks (bring scheme) and those covered by a household collection (collect scheme). The survey results are reported and their implications for the management of post-consumer plastics waste collection schemes are discussed.     

石化废水深度处理回用工艺设计

化工废水中含有机物、烃类、石油类、重金属等有毒有害物质,成分复杂,难于生物降解,并且对微生物代谢产生抑制和毒害作用.文章通过研究石化废水二级生化处理后回用的工艺技术,提出以絮凝、氧化、膜分离等组合工艺为主体的石化废水深度处理流程,并对设计参数、工艺调试进行优化分析,为石化废水处理回用开辟途径.     

城市生活垃圾高效资源化建设体系的研究

通过对国内外垃圾处理现状以及我国目前垃圾管理与处置存在的问题分析,从维系城市这一人工生态系统的角度提出了城市生活垃圾高效资源化利用体系,人类在构建城市生态系统的物质循环中必须认清自己既是这一系统的生产者、消费者,又是该系统的分解者,这样才能确保生态系统物质的良性循环。该体系由垃圾产业化民营集团经营,下设社区生活垃圾处理中心、社区生活垃圾后续处理中心。为城市垃圾生态、高效转化提供了思路。     

渗滤液回流量对生物反应器型垃圾填埋的影响

利用3个生物反应器研究了回流量的大小对模拟填埋场厌氧处理城市生活垃圾的影响。0号罐设定渗滤液不回流,1号罐和2号罐采取渗滤液回流措施,其回流量分别是10L/d(反应器体积的10.5%),20L/d(反应器体积的21%)。试验结果表明:1号罐中的甲烷产量和甲烷含量都要优于0号罐和2号罐。在2号罐中渗滤液回流量相对提高1倍后,其pH会下降而VFA和COD的浓度会有相应的增加。相对于10L的渗滤液回流量,高回流量(20L)有利于产甲烷化的启动和提高填埋气的产量和甲烷含量。但在反应后一阶段,高回流量(20L)导致产气量比低回流量的(10L)减少34.83%左右。     

新型单级A/O程序无回流复合膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的试验

采用单级A/O程序复合膜生物反应器(HSMBR)处理高氨氮废水,研究在低DO浓度下系统对有机物、氨氮和总氮的去除效率。研究结果表明:在低DO浓度下,CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为94.4%和92.8%。由于进水CODCr/TN值仅为2.01,则使得总氮平均去除率仅为69.4%,但是当系统亚硝化累积率从60.5%～67.1%提高到83.5%～86.4%时,系统总氮去除率提高了17.7%。另外,维持低DO浓度可以实现亚硝酸型同时硝化反硝化反应。     

超声清洗MBR生物膜--臭氧化技术在中水回用中的应用

超声清洗MBR生物膜-臭氧化技术,是在传统的二级生化污水处理技术的基础上,采用膜生物技术、臭氧化工艺和现代超声波清洗膜元件技术,进行生活污水回用处理的新兴技术.膜生物(MBR)技术具有出水水质好,一次性投资低,占地面积小,运行费用低等优点;利用现代超声波技术清洗膜元件,既可以彻底清除粘附在膜内、外壁上的污染物,又可以避免化学清洗对膜造成的危害,及清洗剂对环境的污染;采用臭氧化工艺,利用臭氧的强氧化性,可以彻底消除细菌、臭味、色度等可能对回用人群造成的危害,使处理后的水成为真正安全的回用水.