Estimating Crop Water Use via Remote Sensing Techniques vs. Conventional Methods in the South Platte River Basin,Colorado

We compared two methods of estimating crop water consumption to assess whether remote sensing techniques provide consumptive use (CU) estimates commensurate with conventional methods. Using available historical satellite and meteorological data, we applied Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution using Internalized Calibration (METRIC) to 317,455 ha in the South Platte basin, in northeastern Colorado, for the 2001 irrigation season. We then compared these derived CU estimates with values calculated by using the Colorado Water Conservation Board's South Platte Decision Support System StateCU model. Evaluating the data by irrigation ditch service area, we disaggregated the output to allow for comparison by service area size, crop type, irrigation method, water supply source, and water availability. We concluded that METRIC is a suitable alternative to StateCU in the South Platte basin and could help to identify areas with inhibited crop growth or deficit irrigation practices. In addition, METRIC could be used as a complement to StateCU to refine StateCU model parameters, allowing for more accurate estimates of crop water shortages and groundwater recharge associated with irrigation delivery and application.     

基于三维GIS的油罐区应急管理平台研究与实现

分析油罐区危险特性和事故模式,将三维GIS系统、日常管理、监控预警、应急指挥与辅助决策等功能进行集成,建立基于三维GIS的油罐区一体化应急管理平台。该平台利用数据融合技术,将液位、可燃气体、温度等多参数进行了融合,提高了报警可靠性。同时构建了DEA-BP应急资源配置模型,结合罐区事故类型,实现了罐区重大事故应急资源的优化配置。平台还提供数字化预案和三维应急演练,为油罐区员工提高应急安全技能提供了培训环境。     

水质总磷总氮在线自动监测技术的研究

通过优化国内外水质总氮总磷的手工和自动监测方法及设计参数,研究了基于紫外催化-过硫酸钾氧化分光光度法的在线监测技术,设计了紫外线加强氧化-消解反应器和20通道自动校准与自动进样集成控制系统。该技术与国家标准监测方法相比大大提高了总磷总氮氧化率和消解速度,实现了在较低温度和常压条件下水质总磷总氮的快速、安全和稳定的在线自动监测,具备了良好的市场推广应用前景。     

微波密封消解法测定COD的关键操作技术

在水质监测及诸多行业的工业废水监测中,COD是一个必测项目,微波密封消解测定COD是一种新方法,此方法与国标(GBll914—89)重铬酸钾法回流测定COD相比,具有成本低、操作安全、快速便捷等优点,其测定结果同标准重铬酸钾回流法相比对线性相关系数r大于0.999,是值得推广使用的一种方法。但为了得到准确可靠的分析结果,提高测定COD的工作效率,必须严格把握好一些关键性的技术问题。     

环境监测支持溢油事故处置的要点

本文以实例探讨了溢油事故处置中进行环境监测支持的要点,重点介绍溢油污染事故监测的采样布点以及分析方法的选择,并提出了通过加强应急监测队伍和监测能力的建设来提高处理此类事故的能力.     

Vulnerability assessment and adaptation to the impacts of sea level rise on the Kingdom of Bahrain

This paper assesses quantitatively the impact of sea level rise (SLR) at the global and regional scale as a result of climate change (CC) on the coastal areas of the Kingdom of Bahrain’s islands (36 Islands). The standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines was modified as appropriate for the situation of the study area. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) coupled with Remote Sensing (RS) were used as the main techniques of collecting, analyzing, modeling simulating and disseminating information to build SLR scenarios in a geographically referenced context. Also, these tools were used to assess vulnerability and risk of the coastal area of the islands with the expectation that coastal planner and government authorities will profit from integrating these knowledge into a broad based environmental decision making. Three SLR scenarios: low, moderate and high were developed to examine the impacts from SLR on all islands. The low SLR scenario (Optimistic) assumes a 0.5-m rise above current sea level, the moderate scenario (Intermediate) assumes a one meter rise, and the high scenario (Pessimistic) assumes a 1.5 m rise in sea level. Two more SLR scenarios were assumed to perform risk analysis, a 2 and 5 meter rise above current sea level. The simulation of SLR are quite straightforward, emphasizing on the uses of both of the data that are incorporated from the satellite images and the created Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to estimate SLR scenarios that are adapted in the study. These data were used to predict consequences of the possibility of the rise in sea level at different scenarios which may alter the landuse and patterns of human communities. Results indicate that low-lying coastal areas of Bahrain islands are at risk from the effects of any SLR resulting from CC. These islands are vulnerable under different SLR Scenarios. More than 17% of the country total area may be inundated under 1.5 m SLR in 2100. The total area that might be lost under different sea level scenarios will vary from more than 77 km² if SLR reaches 0.5 m, to about 100 km² under 1.0 m SLR and may reach 124 km² under 1.5 m SLR scenario. The total inundated areas due to risk scenarios will reach 133 km², if the SLR rises to 2.0 m, and it is estimated to be more than (22%) of the main island total area. Under the second scenario, if the SLR reaches 5.0 m, the main islands will lose approximately half of its area (47%) equal to 280 km². Hawar islands group will lose about (30%) of its total area under 2.0 m SLR, which is about 15.5 km².A SLR adaptation policy framework (APF) and adaptation policy initiatives (APIs) are suggested for planners to build upon for reducing the likely effects of SLR in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The framework is composed of four steps namely, acquisition of information, planning and design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. A general policy framework for a national response to SLR is suggested. Additionally, a range of policy adaptation options/initiatives to sustain coastal developments under the likely effects of SLR are recommended.     

喀斯特坡地地表径流系数监测初报

通过对喀斯特坡地6种不同土地利用条件下径流小区的地表径流和植被穿透雨量以及地下水出口水位变化进行野外定点连续观测研究,结果表明,6个径流小区地表径流系数均非常小,介于0.01%~12.81%。显然,喀斯特坡地的地表径流易于入渗转化为地下径流。受人为活动影响较大的径流小区,地表径流系数随降雨量的变化呈指数函数型变化特征,容易产生地表径流系数的突变式增长。     

清远市乐排河氰化物跨境污染应急处理案例分析

近年来突发性跨境污染事件时有发生,广州市环保局曾先后成功处理北江镉污染、清远市乐排河氰化物污染等事件。本案例通过回放对清远市乐排河氰化物污染事件的应急处理过程,总结出环保部门应对突发性跨境污染事件三方面的思考：1.加强对跨境河流的监控是及时掌握突发性污染的必要手段;2.借鉴同类型污染事件的处理方法是有效处理事件的捷径;3.环保部门严格按职责处理是解决跨境污染事件的关键。     

鞍山市铁矿景观格局变化的遥感调查

采用1997和2007年2个时相的卫星遥感数据,对鞍山市城区周边铁矿典型景观类型的面积及其10年来的变化进行了遥感调查和分析。结果表明,国有矿山采矿场的面积相对稳定,边界无明显变化,民营矿山采矿场面积增加明显。采矿场面积变化与开采方式有关,国有矿山采用深凹露天开采,对地表破坏较轻,民营矿山采用山坡露天开采,对地表破坏较严重。排岩场的总面积有所增加,个别矿区增加明显。复垦绿地有大幅度增加,但仍低于排岩场扩张的速度。     

犀浦校区室内空气中甲醛污染现状

为保证西南交通大学犀浦校区广大学生和教师有一个安全健康的学习和工作环境,避免受到室内环境污染的影响,在问卷调查的基础上,确定了具有代表性的室内甲醛监测点,进行了室内环境中的甲醛浓度监测。根据监测结果,从装饰装修工程、室内环境检测验收等方面提出了具体的要求和措施,可为犀浦校区后续建设提供指导。