聚焦碳税——碳税的中国路径

由于二氧化碳是最主要的温室气体之一,能源系统又是最主要的二氧化碳排放源,因此目前温室气体排放控制的重点集中在能源系统二氧化碳排放的削减上。中国作为能源消耗大国和二氧化碳排放大国之一,节能减排已经成为政府重要的政策目标。除全面采取必要的法律、行政措施外,包括碳税在内的经济政策措施,成为推动节能减排的重要手段。     

Effect of substrate COD/N ratio on performance and microbial community structure of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Two parallel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactors were operated at well-defined conditions to investigate the e ect of substrate COD/N ratios on the performance and microbial community structure of the bioreactor. Results showed that at substrate COD/N of 5, organic and nitrogen could be eliminated simultaneously, and COD removal degree, nitrification and denitrification e ciency reached 85%, 93% and 92%, respectively. With increasing substrate COD/N ratios, the specific oxygen utilization rates of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm were found to decrease, indicating that nitrifying population became less dominant. At substrate COD/N ratio of 6, excessive heterotrophs inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria greatly and thus led to poor nitrification process. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were identified as dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm at substrate COD/N of 0, whereas only Nitrosospira were detected in the biofilm at COD/N ratio of 5. Nitrospira were present as dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in our study. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that at substrate COD/N ratio of 0 nitrifying bacteria existed throughout the biofilm and that at COD/N ratio of 5 they were mainly distributed in the inner layer of biofilm.     

Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon

Fish is an important constituent of the Lebanese diet. However, very little attention in our area is given to bring awareness regarding the effect of the toxicity of mercury (Hg) mainly through fish consumption. This study aimed to report analytical data on total mercury levels in several fish species for the first time in thirty years and to also made individuals aware of the presence and danger from exposure to mercury through fish consumption. Fish samples were selected from local Lebanese markets and fisheries and included 94 samples of which were fresh, frozen, processed, and canned fish. All values were reported as microgram of mercury per gram of fish based on wet weight. The level of mercury ranged from 0.0190 to 0.5700 μg/g in fresh samples, 0.0059 to 0.0665 μg/g in frozen samples, and 0.0305 to 0.1190 μg/g in canned samples. The data clearly showed that higher levels of mercury were detected in local fresh fish as opposed to other types thus placing consumers at higher risk from mercury exposure. Moreover, the data revealed that Mallifa (yellowstripe barracuda/Sphyraena chrysotaenia), Sargous (white seabream/Diplodus sargus), Ghobbos (bogue/Boops hoops), and shrimp (Penaeus sp.) were among the types containing the highest amounts of mercury. On the other hand, processed fish such as fish fillet, fish burger, small shrimp and crab are found to contain lower levels of mercury and are associated with lower exposure risks to mercury. Lebanese population should therefore, be aware to consume limited amounts of fresh local fish to minimize exposure to mercury.     

基于MUASB处理马铃薯深加工废液的试验研究

试验研究了在改装UASB(MUASB)装置中培养好氧颗粒污泥及其处理生活污水和高浓度马铃薯深加工废液的效果。试验结果表明:可以在4 d内快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的颗粒污泥平均直径达2 mm。当马铃薯深加工废液浓度ρ(COD)、ρ(NH 4+-N)、ρ(TP)平均分别为12 817.16,106.10,26.37 mg/L时,处理效果分别超过64%、63%和67%。利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观测颗粒污泥,虽然球菌主要形成了一个相对凝结的区域,但是在颗粒污泥的边缘区域出现许多丝状菌。α多糖主要分布在颗粒的核心。在颗粒中还发现少量的β多糖和无生命的细胞。     

针对硝化菌抗盐机理的研究

为研究盐度对硝化菌的影响,以及硝化菌对盐度的抵抗机理,以模拟皮革废水为处理对象,考察了硝化菌硝化作用过程中的脱氮效率,脱氮数率,pH值,溶解氧,以及硝化菌胞外聚合物的含量与成分变化。结果表明在盐度逐步提高的情况下,出水氨氮从几乎检测不出升高到80 mg/L左右,硝化菌脱氮效率下降明显,并且有一定的规律性。pH值先降后升,溶解氧随着时间推移逐渐升高,但是随着盐度提高规律性越来越不明显。硝化菌所产生的胞外聚合物随着盐度提高,胞外聚合物总量有所提高,其主要成分含量发生变化,即多糖所占比例从35.2%升高到63.6%,蛋白质所占比例从58.8%减少到30.9%,从而影响活性污泥的絮凝性,从机理方面来解释盐度对硝化菌硝化作用的影响。     

兔子宫内膜蛋白等电聚焦电泳载体两性电解质pH范围及比例的选择

兔子宫内膜蛋白是研究早期胚胎发育过程中胚泡附植机制的关键因素之一．为了对子宫内膜蛋白进行有效的分离，本研究探讨了用于等电聚焦电泳的载体两性电解质pH范围及其比例．研究结果表明：在只有pH3～9．5的情况下，蛋白质谱带主要分布于胶条碱性端1／3区域，酸性端无谱带；在载体两性电解质pH3-9．5：pH4～6=1：4的情况下，蛋白质谱带主要分布于胶条碱性端2／3部分；在载体两性电解质以pH3-9．5：pH4～6：pH6—9=1：4：1时，蛋白质谱带分布比较均匀，酸性端也有谱带分布．这说明在作子宫内膜蛋白的等电聚焦电泳时采用pH3～9．5：pH4～6：pH6～9=1：4：1比较理想．     

聚焦公共消防安全为弱者撑起平安伞

弱势群体,也叫社会脆弱群体、社会弱者群体。主要包括儿童、老年人、残疾人、精神病患者、下岗职工、灾难中的求助者、非正规就业者以及在劳动关系中处于弱势地位的人。特别是城市独居老人,他们大多数反应相对迟缓,自身行动不便,防火意识也比较淡薄,缺少必要的逃生自救常识,在无人照顾、看管的情况下,一旦遇到火灾或其他事故,也是“弱势群体”,成为众多火灾的觊觎者和直接受害者。     

大体积直接进样气相色谱法测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物

采用冷冻聚焦-硫发光检测器气相色谱仪测定环境空气与无组织排放中硫化氢等16种含硫化合物。结合大体积(5 mL)进样,对最优仪器条件进行研究。结果表明：在最佳条件下,16种含硫化合物的相关系数均>0.997,方法检出限为0.14～0.59μg/m³,相对标准偏差为0.7%～4.6%。且硫化氢、羰基硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、噻吩、四氢噻吩这8种化合物的检出限均小于嗅阈值,解决了能够闻到含硫化合物的臭味,却检测不出的难题。该方法极大地提高了检测精度,适用于环境空气与无组织排放中痕量含硫化合物的测定。     

交换电极法强化电动修复铬污染土壤

pH值是影响污染土壤电动修复的主要因素。为此提出了交换电极法强化电动修复,并对该技术进行了实验研究。实验土壤Cr污染浓度为506.36 mg/kg,工作电压为1 V/cm,结果显示,固定电极方向运行模式下,运行2 d,产生聚焦效应,运行8 d,碱性区Cr(III)残留量和酸性区Cr(VI)残留量较大,分别是97.88 mg/kg和328 mg/kg,总铬去除率为59.04%。采用交换电极法,交换频率为4 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率为70.18%;交换频率为2 d,运行8 d,总铬去除率高达86.10%,土壤中总铬平均含量从506.36 mg/kg降至73.56 mg/kg,达到酸性土壤环境质量一级标准。该技术可控制土壤pH值在中性范围,电流密度高,不添加化学试剂,操作简单。